Lecture slides - Chapter 15.1 - 15.2

Question 1

Language provides the brain with a way to categorize _____. Language provides a means of organizing ____. Language has ____.

Answer 1

information; time; syntax

Question 2

“sets of rules for putting words together to form meaningful utterances”

Answer 2

syntax

Question 3

“hypothetical group of neurons that become functionally connected via common sensory inputs”

Answer 3

cell assembly

Question 4

___ ____ provide the basis for cognition

Answer 4

cell assemblies

Question 5

___ are the only elements in the brain that combine evidence and make decisions

Answer 5

neurons

Question 6

____ ____ ____: the combination of individual neurons into novel neural networks produces complex mental representations

Answer 6

Hebb’s Cell Assembly

Question 7

Cortical areas not referred to as primary are collectively referred to as the ______ ____ which functions in thinking

Answer 7

association cortex

Question 8

the _____ cortex receives information that is more highly processed

Answer 8

association

Question 9

____ cortex: neocortex outside of the primary sensory and motor cortices, produces ____

Answer 9

association; cognition

Question 10

The association cortex receives information that is more highly processed and contains knowledge either about our ____ or _____ world or about movements

Answer 10

internal or external

Question 11

_____ association regions tend to produce cognition related to visual and auditory processing

Answer 11

temporal

Question 12

the ____ cortex is closely related to somatosensation and movement control

Answer 12

parietal

Question 13

the ___ cortex coordinates information coming from the parietal and temporal association regions with information coming from subcortical regions

Answer 13

frontal

Question 14

Knowledge about what objects are is represented in the ____ association cortex, part of the ____ visual stream

Answer 14

temporal; ventral

Question 15

if the temporal association cortex is destroyed, the person will develop ___ ____

Answer 15

visual agnosia

Question 16

“the neocortex outside primary sensory and motor cortices that produces cognition”

Answer 16

association cortex

Question 17

Knowledge of how to grasp the object is ____ and knowledge of what things are is ____

Answer 17

parietal; temporal

Question 18

“How do we integrate information” is the _____ _____

Answer 18

binding problem

Question 19

“philosophical question focused on how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behaviour”

Answer 19

binding problem

Question 20

what is one solution to the binding problem?

Answer 20

regions of the association cortex are multimodal; these neurons respond to information from more than one sensory modality

Question 21

the _____ _____ responds to EVERYTHING

Answer 21

angular gyrus; this makes sense cause it is right in the middle - wipe this out and you have BIG PROBLEMS

Question 22

____ cognition refers to a range of mental functions, from the ability to navigate from point A to point B to the re

Answer 22

spatial

Question 23

the ability to mentally manipulate things likely evolved in parallel with our ability to?

Answer 23

navigate in space

Question 24

the ___ ____ stream in the ____ lobes is important in spatial cognition

Answer 24

dorsal visual; parietal

Question 25

How do researchers test spatial cognition?

Answer 25

by giving subjects pairs of stimuli like this and asking if the shapes are the same or different

Question 26

what stream controls vision for action and where is it located?

Answer 26

dorsal stream; vision for action

Question 27

People with damaged ____ association regions, especially in the ____ hemisphere, have deficits in processing complex spatial information, both in the real world and in their imagination

Answer 27

parietal; right

Question 28

``` ______ = the real world _____ = our interpretation of the real world ```

Answer 28

sensation; perception

Question 29

"selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli"

Answer 29

attention

Question 30

how can attention be directed?

Answer 30

inward or outward

Question 31

attending to specific parts of the sensory world is a property of ___ ____: more evidence that the neuron is the computational unit of cognition

Answer 31

single neurons

Question 32

People with ___ lobe injuries tend to be overly focused on environmental stimuli

Answer 32

frontal

Question 33

People with frontal lobe injuries seem to selectively direct attention to what? What do they have difficulty doing?

Answer 33

direct attention to an excessive degree or have difficulty shifting attention

Question 34

Damage to the ___ association region can produce contralateral neglect.

Answer 34

parietal

Question 35

Neglect is particularly severe in ____ hemisphere damage

Answer 35

right

Question 36

damage where causes perseveration

Answer 36

frontal association cortex

Question 37

___ lobes = ability to direct attention

Answer 37

frontal

Question 38

"neglect of information on one side of the body when it is presented simultaneously with similar information on the other side of the body"

Answer 38

extinction

Question 39

Patients with ____ ____ exhibit extinction as they begin to recover

Answer 39

contralateral neglect

Question 40

When testing for extinction, what can a stroke patient identify?

Answer 40

CAN pick up on two different objects in two visual fields simultaneously CANT identify similar objects in two visual fields simultaneously

Question 41

To plan, you need to recognize objects (an ___ and ____ lobe function) and to make appropriate movements with respect to them (a ___ lobe function)

Answer 41

occipital and temporal; parietal

Question 42

The ___ lobes act like the orchestra conductor; these lobes make and read a motor plan to organize behaviour in ___ and ___ - a kind of score, analogous to the musical score a conductor uses

Answer 42

frontal; space and time

Question 43

In the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, shifting the response strategy is particularly hard for people with ____ lobe lesions

Answer 43

frontal

Question 44

"cells in the primate premotor cortex that fire when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual"

Answer 44

mirror neurons

Question 45

_____: the human capacity to communicate with words may have resulted from evolution of the mirror neuron system

Answer 45

Rizzolatti

Question 46

Many "movement" neurons located in the ____ ___ and ___ ___ cortex discharge when a monkey sees other monkeys make the same movements

Answer 46

inferior frontal and posterior parietal

Question 47

____ ____ could provide the link between the sender and the receiver of a communicaiton

Answer 47

mirror neurons