Lecture slides - Chapter 14.1 - 14.2

Question 1

“the nervous systems potential for physical or chemical change, which enhances its adaptability”

Answer 1

neuroplasticity

Question 2

Experiences that change the brain: _____, _______, ____, _______

Answer 2

development, culture, preferences, coping

Question 3

“a change in an organisms behaviour as a result of experience”

Answer 3

learning

Question 4

“the ability to recall or recognize previous experience”

Answer 4

memory

Question 5

“a mental representation of a previous experience”

Answer 5

memory trace

Question 6

A memory trace corresponds to a _____ change in the brain, most likely involving _____

Answer 6

physical; synapses

Question 7

Learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus
such as a tone (CS) comes to elicit a response (CR)
because of its repeated pairing with some event
such as the delivery of food (US)

Answer 7

Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 8

Pavlovian Conditioning is aka ____ conditioning

Answer 8

classical or respondent

Question 9

In Pavlovian conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that triggers a
conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 10

A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an
unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 11

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Answer 11

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 12

In Pavlovian conditioning, the learned response to a formerly neutral
conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

conditioned response (CR)

Question 13

Fear conditioning and eye-blink conditioning are examples of what type of conditioning?

Answer 13

Classical (Pavlovain) conditioning

Question 14

“Learning procedure in which the consequences
(such as obtaining a reward) of a particular
behaviour (such as pressing a bar) increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring
again”

Answer 14

Operant conditinoining

Question 15

Operant Conditioning is aka?

Answer 15

Instrumental conditioning

Question 16

What is Thorndike’s Puzzle Box?

Answer 16

A box that trained a cat to learn its actions has consequences - would lead to repeated behaviour

Question 17

” Subjects demonstrate
knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response,
or recalling events on prompting, but cannot
explicitly retrieve the information”

Answer 17

unconscious memory - implicit memory

Question 18

“Subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know they retrieved the correct item.”

Answer 18

conscious memory - explicit memory

Question 19

Implicit memory = _____ memories

Answer 19

unconscious

Question 20

Explicit memory = _____ memories

Answer 20

conscious

Question 21

On a retention test,

participants identify the image sooner, indicating some form of memory for the image. What type of test is this?

Answer 21

Gollin Figure Test

Question 22

During the Gollin Figure Test, how did amnesic subjects do?

Answer 22

also showed improvement on this test even though they didn’t recall doing it - HM is a classic example of this

Question 23

People with ____ can still perform at normal on tests of implicit memory, even though they cant remember doing the task.

Answer 23

amnesia (loss of explicit memory)

Question 24

“partial or total loss of memory”

Answer 24

amnesia

Question 25

People with amnesia can perform normally on tests of ___ memory but not ___ memory

Answer 25

implicit ; explicit

Question 26

"An understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in many different situations"

Answer 26

Learning set

Question 27

A learning set depends on ___ memory

Answer 27

implicit

Question 28

"Ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia"

Answer 28

declarative memory

Question 29

____ memory is often lost in amnesia

Answer 29

declarative

Question 30

"Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform | some act or behaviour"

Answer 30

procedural memory

Question 31

From a practical point of view, there is little difference between the ___-____ distinction and the ____-____ distinction

Answer 31

implicit-explicit ; procedural-declarative

Question 32

Pavlovian conditioning and Thorndike’s and Skinner’s operant learning are forms of _____ learning.

Answer 32

implicit

Question 33

Implicit information is processed in a "___-__" manner

Answer 33

bottom-up

Question 34

Explicit information is processed in a "__-__" manner

Answer 34

top-down

Question 35

"information is encoded the same way it was perceived"

Answer 35

implicit information

Question 36

"subject recognizes the information before it is encoded"

Answer 36

explicit information

Question 37

In implicit tasks, the person has a _____ role, whereas in explicit tasks, the person has an _____ role

Answer 37

passive ; active

Question 38

"Using a stimulus to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus"

Answer 38

priming

Question 39

priming is often used to measure ____ memory

Answer 39

implicit

Question 40

"Information is held in memory only briefly, then discarded; involves the frontal lobes"

Answer 40

short term memory

Question 41

"information is held in memory indefinitely, perhaps for a lifetime; involves the temporal lobe"

Answer 41

long term memory

Question 42

long term memory involves the ____ lobe

Answer 42

temporal

Question 43

how long does short term memory last?

Answer 43

a few minutes

Question 44

Recall of colours activated a region in the ___ ____ lobe

Answer 44

ventral temporal

Question 45

Recall of activation words activated a region in the ___ ____ gyrus

Answer 45

middle temporal

Question 46

Personal and autobiographical are types of ____ explicit memory.

Answer 46

episodic

Question 47

Facts and knowledge are types of ___ explicit memory.

Answer 47

semantic

Question 48

Skills, habits, priming, and conditioning are examples of _____ memory

Answer 48

implicit

Question 49

"autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts"

Answer 49

episodic memory

Question 50

"inability to recall any personal experience"

Answer 50

episodic amnesia

Question 51

Episodic amnesia is associated with ___ lobe injury or reduced blood flow to the ____ lobes

Answer 51

frontal

Question 52

"People display virtually complete recall for events in | their lives, usually beginning around age 10"

Answer 52

Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)

Question 53

People with HSAM have increased gray matter in the ___ and ___ lobes as well as increased size in the fibre projection bewteen the ___ and __ lobes

Answer 53

temporal and parietal ; temporal and frontal

Question 54

Severity of memory disturbance related to ____, not ____ of injury

Answer 54

size; location

Question 55

Scoville performed what type of resection on HM?

Answer 55

bilateral medial temporal lobe resection

Question 56

Patient HM had seizures originating in the region of the _____, ____ _____, and associated subcortical structures, so Scoville removed them bilaterally

Answer 56

amygdala, hippocampal formation

Question 57

Following the surgery, H. M. had severe _____, lacking any ____ memory

Answer 57

amnesia; explicit

Question 58

Could HM recall events from his childhood?

Answer 58

Yes, he only struggled with recalling events post surgery

Question 59

HM performed well on ____ tests; his performance on ___ memory tests was left intact

Answer 59

perceptual; implicit

Question 60

Patient Boswell developed ____ _____ ______ ; this damaged most of his ____ ____ lobes

Answer 60

herpes simplex encephalitis; medial temporal

Question 61

Boswell suffers from sever ____ but his ____ memory is still intact

Answer 61

amnesia; procedural

Question 62

Patient JK had an impaired ____ memory with intact _____ memory.

Answer 62

implicit; explicit

Question 63

JK developed _____ disease in his mid 70's and started to have memory problems at 78.

Answer 63

Parkinsons

Question 64

What couldnt ptient JK do?

Answer 64

couldnt perform tasks that he had performed his whole life; eg. turning off the radio

Question 65

Procedural memories probably stored within the...?

Answer 65

motor planning area

Question 66

Patient ____ could recall mirror drawing task but never learned anything.

Answer 66

JK