Lecture Topic 8 - Psychological Disorders ( & Treatment) Flashcards
(31 cards)
Psychopathology
Maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving Disrupted functioning at home, work, and in the person or in others
what is abnormal
- Statistical deviance
- Significant distress
- Significant dysfunction and impairment
what is mental illness
a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviorus whihc usually need treamtent to be alievated
culure imapcts on the way psychopathy is …..
- Determined (i.e., theories of cause, definitions of normal vs. abnormal)
- Classified (i.e., diagnostic systems)
- Expressed (e.g., prevalence of specific symptoms, prognosis)
- Treated (i.e., services, attitudes, stigma)
bioloigcal x psychosocial model
- Biopsychosocial model
- Diathesis-stress model
Biopsychosocial model
An interaction between 3 components cause and maintain mental illness
- Biological eg genetics, hormones
- Psychological eg thoughts, emotions, behaviours
- Sociocultural eg socioeconomic status, culture
Diathesis-stress model
suggests that mental disorders and other health conditions arise from a combination of an individual’s inherent vulnerability (diathesis) and exposure to stressful life events.
DSM-5-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text RevisioN
EVALUATING THE DSM
Interrater reliability:
- High for some disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders), but low for others (e.g., personality disorders)
Validity:
- Stronger for some diagnoses (e.g., schizophrenia) than others
Problems:
- The same symptoms are seen across disorders
- Possibility of bias in diagnosis
- Insufficient attention to sociocultural variables
- Labelling can be dehumanising
ANXIETY DISORDERS WHAT IS THE CORE FEAR
- Separation anxiety disorder
- Selective mutism
- Specific phobia
- Social anxiety disorder
- Panic disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalized anxiety disorder
aetiology of anxiety disorders
-dysfunctional beliefs about the self, others and the world
- maladaptive interpretations of anxiety-provoking (anxiogenic) situations
- reinforcing cycles of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
clarks cognitive theory of panic 1986
panic attacks are triggered by a tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations as a sign of imminent catastrophe, such as a heart attack.
depression signs
low mood
lost of interest or pleasure
change in appeitie or weight
insomnia or hypersomia
fatigue
feelings of worthlessness
impaire memory of concentration
suicidality
mania
elevated or irritable mood
grandiosity
decreased need for sleep
increased or pressured speech
flight of ideas or racing thoughts
increased goal directed activity
risk taking
biology of mood disorders
- increased risk in those with family history of mood disorders
- effectiveness of psychopharmacological interventions
cognitive behaviorual theories
- dysfunctional beliefs about the self, others and the world
- maladaptive interpretations of depressogenic situations
- reinforcing cycles of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Aardmea and Wong’s CB theory of OCD
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Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- Schizotypal personality disorder
- Delusional disorder
- Brief psychotic disorder
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Schizoaffective disorder
Aetiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorder
Biology:
- Increased risk is those with family history of schizophrenia
- Effectiveness of psychopharmacological interventions
Cognitive-behavioural theories:
- Dysfunctional beliefs about the self, others and the world
- Maladaptive interpretations of psychotic symptoms
- Reinforcing cycles of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
psychodynamic theories
Freud -
* Involves intensive, non-directive, exploration of (unconscious) dynamics – free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference
* However, radical assumption of unconscious motivations is difficult to reconcile with patient agency and empowerment
* Contemporary approaches retain the aim of developing insight into past experiences’ impact on current symptoms
humanistic experiential theories
Or Client-centred therapy (Rogers)-
- Assumption is that people are unique, naturally self-correcting and oriented to growth
- Extremely influential in clinical psychological science and practice
- First-person subjective experience is the starting point, therapeutic interventions encourage present moment awareness in all its complexity and is non-directive, focusing on radical acceptance
- Can be seen as part of every psychotherapeutic relationship
3 waves of behavioural psychotherapy
behaviorual - the power of planning and doing
cogntiive - the pwoer of perspective
acceptance/mindfulness - the power of being present
behavioural psychotherapy
Emphasis is on overt behaviour:
- More tractable than cognitions or emotions
- Measurable
- Can achieve results in relatively short periods of time
- Focuses on deliberate actions and environmental responses
cognitive - behaviorual psychotherpay
Emphasis is on cognitions:
- Experiences are largely social and ambiguous
- Some perspectives are unproductive/maladaptive and say more about us that the world
