Lecture week 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
hallucinaties
perception-like experiences which occur without an external stimulus
Delusions
fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence
disorganised symptoms
symptoms causing a person to be disorganised in their behavior
wanneer peak voor mannen in schizophrenie en wanneer voor vrouwen
bij mannen early mid-20’s
bij vrouwen late 20’s
schizoaffective disorder
- uninterrupted period of illness, during which there is a major mood episode
- delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode, during the lifetime duration of the illness
- symptoms that meet the criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness
- the disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance or another medical condition
delusional disorder
- the presence of one or more delusions with a duration of 1 month or londer
- criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met. Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme
- Apart from the impact of the delusion or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd
- if manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods
note with diagnosis of delusional disorder
- even if the belief of catastrophe/body experience is extremely solidified, and there is no anosognosia, OCD or BDD fits better than delusional disorder
- symptoms of mood MUST be relatively short compared to the symptoms of delusion
Voorbeeld van een structured interview
De MINI-PLUS
of the DSM in questionnaire-form
typisch iets van mensen met psychose
jumping into conclusion
aberrant salience model for psychosis
- non salient stimuli become/are highly salient to people with psychotic disorders
- take different perspectives into account
cognitive model bij psychotic disorders
Niet alleen de hallucinatie zelf (de stem) is belangrijk, maar ook hoe iemand die ervaart, interpreteert en erop reageert. Die interpretatie en reactie kunnen de stemmen juist in stand houden of verergeren.
Auditieve ervaring
→ De persoon hoort een stem die er niet is.
Interpretatie van de stem
→ “Deze stem is almachtig en weet alles over mij.”
(Dit is een negatieve of bedreigende interpretatie.)
Emotionele reactie
→ Angst, stress, machteloosheid.
Gedrag
→ De persoon probeert de stem te vermijden, gehoorzaamt eraan, of raakt sociaal geïsoleerd.
Gevolg
→ De stem wordt nog geloofwaardiger (want “waarom zou ik er anders zo sterk op reageren?”)
→ Stress en isolatie verergeren de hallucinaties
stage 1: Prodromal phase/at-risk mental state
- subclinical positive symptoms
- presence of negative symptoms
- functional deterioration
- mood swings
Stage 2: first episode
- positive symptoms
- not substantially different from chronic phase
- worsening cognitive problems
stage 3: multiple episodes with stable phases or remission
- incomplete remission of first episode
- new episodes with reduced recovery than after first episode
- more relapse with further reduction in functioning
waarom gebruiken mensen middelen
positive reinforcement: feeling better! reinforcement by the rewarding/mood enhancing effects of the drug
Negative reinforcement: reducing negative affects, prevents withdrawal symptoms
welke middelen de meeste treatment voor?
- alcohol
- canabis
- opiaten
- cocaine
moral model 1850
addiction is a failure of the will
1920 pharmacological model
the fault of addiction lies not with the user, but with the substance itself. Substances should be avoided and banned together
1940 symptomatic model
addiction is determined by personality disorders
1950 disease model
addiction is the result of biological/psychological predispositions that render some more vulnerable than others
1975 learning model
addiction is seen as learned behaviour
late 70s social model
social factors may play a role in developing addictions
1980s biopsychosocial model
social, biological and psychological factors may play a role in developing addictions
1990s brain disease model
same as biopsycholosocial model, but puts more emphasis on the biological part