Lecture week 1 Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

hallucinaties

A

perception-like experiences which occur without an external stimulus

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2
Q

Delusions

A

fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

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3
Q

disorganised symptoms

A

symptoms causing a person to be disorganised in their behavior

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4
Q

wanneer peak voor mannen in schizophrenie en wanneer voor vrouwen

A

bij mannen early mid-20’s
bij vrouwen late 20’s

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5
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A
  • uninterrupted period of illness, during which there is a major mood episode
  • delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode, during the lifetime duration of the illness
  • symptoms that meet the criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness
  • the disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance or another medical condition
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6
Q

delusional disorder

A
  • the presence of one or more delusions with a duration of 1 month or londer
  • criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met. Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme
  • Apart from the impact of the delusion or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd
  • if manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods
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7
Q

note with diagnosis of delusional disorder

A
  • even if the belief of catastrophe/body experience is extremely solidified, and there is no anosognosia, OCD or BDD fits better than delusional disorder
  • symptoms of mood MUST be relatively short compared to the symptoms of delusion
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8
Q

Voorbeeld van een structured interview

A

De MINI-PLUS
of the DSM in questionnaire-form

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9
Q

typisch iets van mensen met psychose

A

jumping into conclusion

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10
Q

aberrant salience model for psychosis

A
  • non salient stimuli become/are highly salient to people with psychotic disorders
  • take different perspectives into account
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11
Q

cognitive model bij psychotic disorders

A

Niet alleen de hallucinatie zelf (de stem) is belangrijk, maar ook hoe iemand die ervaart, interpreteert en erop reageert. Die interpretatie en reactie kunnen de stemmen juist in stand houden of verergeren.
Auditieve ervaring
→ De persoon hoort een stem die er niet is.

Interpretatie van de stem
→ “Deze stem is almachtig en weet alles over mij.”
(Dit is een negatieve of bedreigende interpretatie.)

Emotionele reactie
→ Angst, stress, machteloosheid.

Gedrag
→ De persoon probeert de stem te vermijden, gehoorzaamt eraan, of raakt sociaal geïsoleerd.

Gevolg
→ De stem wordt nog geloofwaardiger (want “waarom zou ik er anders zo sterk op reageren?”)
→ Stress en isolatie verergeren de hallucinaties

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12
Q

stage 1: Prodromal phase/at-risk mental state

A
  • subclinical positive symptoms
  • presence of negative symptoms
  • functional deterioration
  • mood swings
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13
Q

Stage 2: first episode

A
  • positive symptoms
  • not substantially different from chronic phase
  • worsening cognitive problems
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14
Q

stage 3: multiple episodes with stable phases or remission

A
  • incomplete remission of first episode
  • new episodes with reduced recovery than after first episode
  • more relapse with further reduction in functioning
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15
Q

waarom gebruiken mensen middelen

A

positive reinforcement: feeling better! reinforcement by the rewarding/mood enhancing effects of the drug

Negative reinforcement: reducing negative affects, prevents withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

welke middelen de meeste treatment voor?

A
  • alcohol
  • canabis
  • opiaten
  • cocaine
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17
Q

moral model 1850

A

addiction is a failure of the will

18
Q

1920 pharmacological model

A

the fault of addiction lies not with the user, but with the substance itself. Substances should be avoided and banned together

19
Q

1940 symptomatic model

A

addiction is determined by personality disorders

20
Q

1950 disease model

A

addiction is the result of biological/psychological predispositions that render some more vulnerable than others

21
Q

1975 learning model

A

addiction is seen as learned behaviour

22
Q

late 70s social model

A

social factors may play a role in developing addictions

23
Q

1980s biopsychosocial model

A

social, biological and psychological factors may play a role in developing addictions

24
Q

1990s brain disease model

A

same as biopsycholosocial model, but puts more emphasis on the biological part

25
brain disease model, wat goed en wat minder
calling it a disease allows to put the guilt aside so that we can do the work that we need to do critics: people take substances, out of choice, so one can stop out of choice addicts are not blameless victims of some terrible illness they have no control over
26
Wat gebeurt er bij Pavloviaanse conditionering in verslaving?
Stimuli worden geassocieerd met middelengebruik en worden triggers voor craving.
27
Welke soorten stimuli kunnen geassocieerd raken met middelengebruik?
Zowel externe (mensen, plaatsen, objecten) als interne (stress, angst, depressie) stimuli.
28
Wat stelt de incentive-sensitisatie theorie?
Herhaald middelengebruik verhoogt dopaminegevoeligheid, wat leidt tot verhoogd 'wanting' zonder dat 'liking' toeneemt.
29
Wat is het verschil tussen ‘wanting’ en ‘liking’ in verslaving?
‘Wanting’ neemt toe door dopamine-sensitisatie; ‘liking’ blijft gelijk of daalt.
30
Hoe werkt operante conditionering bij verslaving?
Gedrag wordt versterkt door beloningen, waardoor stimulus-respons-habits ontstaan.
31
Wat gebeurt er met herhaalde gedragspatronen in verslaving?
Stimulus-respons-gewoontes worden automatisch en onafhankelijk van motivatie uitgevoerd.
32
Waarom zijn drugs effectiever in het versterken van gewoontes dan natuurlijke beloningen?
Ze beïnvloeden het dopaminesysteem sterker, wat leidt tot sterke, abnormale gewoontes.
33
Wat ontbreekt er vaak in verslavingsmodellen volgens deze uitleg?
Cognitieve controle.
34
Waardoor is cognitieve controle verminderd bij verslaving?
Dysfunctie in de prefrontale cortex.
35
Wat is de kern van verslaving volgens deze theorieën?
Een combinatie van gekaapte beloningssystemen en verminderde cognitieve controle leidt tot compulsief middelengebruik ondanks negatieve gevolgen.
36
Welke psychologische behandelingen worden genoemd voor verslaving?
Cognitieve gedragstherapie (CGT) en motiverende gespreksvoering.
37
Wat is stimuluscontrole?
Vermijden van risicosituaties of triggers.
38
Wat is stimulus-respons-preventie?
Risicosituaties koppelen aan een alternatief gedrag met vergelijkbare functie.
39
Wat is contingency management?
Gewenst gedrag wordt beloond; effectief, maar weinig toegepast.
40
Wat is urge surfing
Een techniek waarbij je leert cravings uit te zitten, zoals een surfer op een golf.