Lecture Week 4

Question 1

What are the main routes of drug administration?

Answer 1

Ingestion, Inhalation, Intranasal, Injection

Question 2

Which route of administration is the most common?

Answer 2

Ingestion

Question 3

How does ingestion work?

Answer 3

Passes through the gastrointestinal system, absorbed into the bloodstream via stomach and large intestine.

Question 4

Which is the second most common route of administration?

Answer 4

Inhalation

Question 5

How is inhalation absorbed?

Answer 5

Primarily through the lungs, reaching the bloodstream within seconds.

Question 6

What are examples of inhaled substances?

Answer 6

Tobacco, marijuana, crack, inhalants.

Question 7

What is intranasal drug use?

Answer 7

Snorting drugs into the nose, absorbed through blood vessels.

Question 8

Which drugs are commonly taken intranasally?

Answer 8

Cocaine, sometimes heroin.

Question 9

What are the different types of injection?

Answer 9

Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous.

Question 10

Which is the most dangerous method of drug administration?

Answer 10

Injection, due to risks like overdose, collapsed veins, and infections.

Question 11

How do drugs travel in the body?

Answer 11

Through bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier to affect neurons.

Question 12

What is drug elimination?

Answer 12

Broken down in liver, excreted via kidneys, lungs, sweat, or breast milk.

Question 13

What is a drug’s half-life?

Answer 13

The time it takes to reduce the drug level by half in the body.

Question 14

What enzymes metabolize alcohol?

Answer 14

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).

Question 15

Why do women have higher BAC than men?

Answer 15

Higher fat percentage, less stomach ADH, less active liver ADH.

Question 16

What is the legal BAC limit for driving?

Answer 16

0.08

Question 17

What is an agonist drug?

Answer 17

Mimics the effects of neurotransmitters (e.g., opiates).

Question 18

What is an antagonist drug?

Answer 18

Blocks neurotransmitters or prevents their reuptake (e.g., SSRIs).

Question 19

What neurotransmitter systems does alcohol affect?

Answer 19

Activates GABA, endorphin; suppresses NMDA glutamate, acetylcholine.

Question 20

What is the peak and valley effect?

Answer 20

Peak: intoxication effects; Valley: withdrawal or rebound effects.

Question 21

What are the effects of stimulants?

Answer 21

Peak: euphoria, alertness; Valley: depression, fatigue, paranoia.

Question 22

What are the effects of sedatives?

Answer 22

Peak: relaxation, mild euphoria; Valley: agitation, insomnia, withdrawal can be life-threatening.

Question 23

What percentage of traffic deaths involve alcohol?

Answer 23

31%

Question 24

What are the effects of opiates?

Answer 24

Peak: euphoria, pain relief; Valley: flu-like withdrawal symptoms.

Question 25

What are the effects of psychedelics?

Answer 25

Peak: hallucinations, disorientation; Valley: no withdrawal but possible flashbacks.

Question 26

What is THC?

Answer 26

The active ingredient in cannabis, causes sensory distortions and euphoria.

Question 27

What is cross-tolerance?

Answer 27

Resistance to one drug due to exposure to a similar drug (e.g., alcohol and benzos).

Question 28

Which drugs have the highest dependence potential?

Answer 28

Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, heroin, opiates.

Question 29

What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

Answer 29

Memory loss due to Vitamin B1 deficiency, caused by alcohol misuse.

Question 30

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Answer 30

Birth defects, mental and growth retardation due to prenatal alcohol exposure.