Chapter 2

Question 1

Three Defining Aspects of Addiction

Answer 1

1) Repeated habitual behavior
2) Compulsive quality
3) Persistence despite adverse consequences.

Question 2

Addiction Diagnosis

Answer 2

Addiction is not a diagnosis but an umbrella term encompassing Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and related behaviors.

Question 3

Seven Dimensions of Addiction

Answer 3

Use, Problems, Physical Adaptation, Behavioral Dependence, Cognitive Impairment, Medical Harm, Motivation for Change.

Question 4

Physical Adaptation

Answer 4

Includes tolerance (needing more for effect) and withdrawal (unpleasant symptoms after stopping).

Question 5

Behavioral Dependence

Answer 5

Drug or behavior becomes central, displacing activities, relationships, and roles.

Question 6

DSM-5 and Addiction

Answer 6

Removed “abuse” and “dependence” labels, using SUD with severity levels (mild, moderate, severe).

Question 7

Remission in SUDs

Answer 7

Early remission (3-12 months), sustained remission (12+ months) without symptoms except craving.

Question 8

Public Health Model

Answer 8

Considers host (individual), agent (drug), and environment factors to address addiction.

Question 9

Dispositional Models

Answer 9

Focus on internal causes like genetics or brain changes; emphasize treatment over blame.

Question 10

Social Learning Models

Answer 10

Highlight influence of family, peers, and learned behaviors; interventions focus on environmental and cognitive changes.

Question 11

Sociocultural Models

Answer 11

Emphasize societal influences like pricing, advertising, norms, and policies affecting substance use.

Question 12

Agent Models

Answer 12

Focus on drug properties as primary risk factors for addiction (e.g., rapid dopamine release).

Question 13

Cognitive Impairment

Answer 13

Temporary or chronic effects on memory, attention, and learning due to substance use.

Question 14

Etiologies of Addiction

Answer 14

Multiple causes including self-control failure, genetics, social environment, and drug properties.

Question 15

Defining Aspects of Addiction

Answer 15

Addiction involves three core aspects:

1. Habitual Behavior: Repeated, regular, and consistent behavior.
2. Compulsivity: Behavior feels beyond voluntary control.
3. Persistence Despite Harm: Continues even when adverse consequences are present.

Question 16

Popular vs. Clinical Understanding of Addiction

Answer 16

Popular View: Broadly applied to behaviors like shopping, gaming, or eating that dominate life and cause harm.

Clinical View: Requires a precise diagnosis based on specific patterns of symptoms, typically defined by systems like DSM or ICD.

Question 17

Physical Adaptation

Answer 17

Tolerance: Needing higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Withdrawal: Unpleasant or harmful symptoms when use stops, often opposite to the substance’s effects.

Question 18

Behavioral Dependence

Answer 18

A state where substance use becomes central to life, replacing other activities, roles, or relationships. Dependence often involves using substances to cope with specific feelings or situations.

Question 19

DSM Evolution of Addiction Diagnoses

Answer 19

1. DSM-I (1952): Addiction grouped under “sociopathic personality disturbances.”
2. DSM-III (1980): Introduced separate categories for substance abuse and dependence.
3. DSM-5 (2013): Combined abuse and dependence into a single diagnosis (SUD) with severity levels: mild, moderate, severe.

Question 20

Remission in SUDs

Answer 20

1. Early Remission: No symptoms for 3-12 months.
2. Sustained Remission: No symptoms (except craving) for 12+ months.
3. Remission is common; most individuals recover within 3 years of treatment.

Question 21

Public Health Perspective on Addiction

Answer 21

Considers three interacting factors:

1. Agent: The drug and its addictive properties (e.g., rapid dopamine release).
2. Host: Individual characteristics (e.g., genetics, temperament, age).
3. Environment: Social, cultural, and legal influences on behavior.

Question 22

Agent Models

Answer 22

Addiction risk comes primarily from the drug’s properties, such as rapid effect, high potency, or interaction with neurotransmitters like dopamine. Examples: nicotine, alcohol, cocaine

Question 23

Dispositional Models

Answer 23

Focus on internal factors like genetics or brain changes. Emphasize addiction as a chronic condition requiring long-term care. Often framed as a “brain disease.”

Question 24

Social Learning Models

Answer 24

Highlight the role of environment, peer influence, and learned behavior. Interventions focus on social supports, cognitive changes, and developing alternative coping strategies.

Question 25

Cognitive Impairment in Addiction

Answer 25

Acute Effects: Temporary memory, attention, and reaction impairments (e.g., intoxication). Chronic Effects: Long-term or irreversible mental decline with prolonged substance use.

Question 26

Medical Harm from Addiction

Answer 26

Acute: Overdose, accidents, or violence during intoxication. Chronic: Long-term organ damage (e.g., liver damage from alcohol), malnutrition, and impaired chronic condition management.

Question 27

Sociocultural Models

Answer 27

Emphasize societal and cultural factors such as availability, pricing, norms, and policies. Examples of interventions: alcohol taxes, minimum age laws, and public health campaigns.

Question 28

Continuum of Addiction Severity

Answer 28

Addiction is not binary but exists on a continuum from mild to severe. DSM-5 recognizes severity levels and tailors treatment based on individual needs.