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Neurobiology > Lectures 1+2 > Flashcards

Lectures 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior.

A

neurobiology

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2
Q

cell in the CNS responsible for myelination, speed axonal conduction, axonal support

A

oligodendrocyte

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3
Q

cell in the CNS responsible for brain support, regulate and support synaptic transmission

A

astrocyte

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4
Q

immune cells of the CNS; function as brain macrophages to clean up dead cells and cellular debris after apoptosis

A

microglia

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5
Q

the theory that neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system (Santiago Ramon y Cajal)

A

neuron doctrine

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6
Q

the theory that the brain is an unbroken network, a seamless, continuous web (i.e., reticulum) through which nerve impulses can travel in any direction (Golgi)

A

reticular theory

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7
Q

the process by which nerve cells receive information on their cell bodies and dendrites and conduct information to distant locations through axons

A

dynamic polarization

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8
Q

makesynapseswith
other neurons’ axons, contain neurotransmitter
receptors

A

dendrites

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9
Q

receptive sites on dendrites

A

spines

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10
Q

What are the most important organelles in a neuron and why?

A
  • mitochondria: neurons use a lot of energy
  • ribosomes (protein synthesis): more than most cells because necessary to make proteins for axon too (sometimes huge volume)
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11
Q

axon origin

A

axon hillock

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12
Q

axon branches

A

axon collaterals

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13
Q

The fatter the axon,the ___ the electrical conduction

A

faster

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14
Q

neuron that has two extensions

A

bipolar

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15
Q

neuron that has one extension

A

unipolar

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16
Q

neuron that has multiple extensions

A

multipolar

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17
Q

neuron that sends information to the CNS (sensory neuron)

A

afferent

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18
Q

neurons that sends information to the body (motor neuron)

A

efferent

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19
Q

Name 4 things that make neurons unique.

A
  • most are post-mitotic (i.e., non- replicating)
  • compartmentalization of structure and function
  • excitable cells: can be stimulated to create an electrical current
  • rapidly transmit signals over long distances
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20
Q

Functions of glia

A
  • maintain ionic balances

- insulate axons and modulate rate of signal propagation

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21
Q

source of almost all brain tumors

A

glia (divides throughout life)

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22
Q

Structure of glia

A
  • smaller than neurons
  • outnumber neurons 10:1
  • make up 1/2 of CNS volume
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23
Q

Which glial cell is embryologically unrelated to other glial cells? Why?

A

microglia - derived from macrophages outside the nervous system; migrate into the nervous system during development

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24
Q

Functions of astrocytes (7)

A
  • guidance of neurons and synapse formation during development
  • produce molecules necessary for neural growth (e.g., BDNF)
  • provide structural support for neurons
  • regulate extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations after synaptic activity (via uptake pumps, gap junctions for spatial buffering)
  • participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier (astrocytic endfeet interact with capillaries)
  • function in glucose metabolism
  • propagate calcium signals (role in memory)
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25
Q

Function of myelinating cells

A

generate and maintain myelin sheaths around axons to provide insulation (prevent leakage of current)

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26
Q

Myelinating cells of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes (one myelinates multiple axons)

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27
Q

Myelinating cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells (one myelinates only one axon)

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28
Q

segmented structure composed of lipoprotein

A

myelin sheath

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29
Q

gaps in myelin along the axon at which ions are exchanged across the membrane

A

nodes of ranvier

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30
Q

back

A

dorsal

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31
Q

stomach

A

ventral

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32
Q

middle

A

medial

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33
Q

side

A

lateral

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34
Q

head

A

rostral/anterior

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35
Q

tail

A

caudal/posterior

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36
Q

outermost layer of the meninges; tough, thick, flexible

A

dura mater

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37
Q

middle layer of the meninges; delicate, flexible cushioning

A

arachnoid mater

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38
Q

innermost layer of the meninges, sticks to brain surface; thin and delicate

A

pia mater

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39
Q

space between arachnoid mater and dura mater

A

subdural space

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40
Q

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains collagen/elastin fiber network that’s “spider web- like”

A

subarachnoid space

41
Q

Which space contains the CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

42
Q

elevated ridges “winding” around the brain

A

gyri

43
Q

small grooves dividing gyri

A

sulci

44
Q

deep grooves, general dividing large brain regions

A

fissures

45
Q

divides the 2 hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

46
Q

divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

47
Q

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

transverse fissure

48
Q

divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

A

sylvian/lateral fissure

49
Q

How can you determine the function of brain areas? (5)

A

-lesion studies: what happens after area is damaged or lost?
-direct brain stimulation: what does the area do?
-fMRI or PET scanning: what areas are activated
if the person performs a task?
-recording from neurons with a microelectrode: what stimulus do neurons respond to?
-multi-unit recording: record from hundreds or thousands of neurons at a time

50
Q

Roles of the frontal lobe

A

memory formation, emotions, decision

making/reasoning, personality

51
Q

involved in controlling body movements (frontal lobe)

A

primary motor cortex

52
Q

controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension (left hemisphere frontal lobe only)

A

Broca’s area

53
Q

involved in decision making (frontal lobe)

A

orbitofrontal cortex

54
Q

controls sense of smell

A

olfactory bulb

55
Q

cannot produce speech (but can still comprehend)

A

Broca’s aphasia

56
Q

Roles of parietal lobe

A

sensing and integrating
sensation(s), spatial awareness and perception, propioception (awareness of body/body parts in space and in relation to each other)

57
Q

involved in processing tactile and propioceptive information (parietal lobe)

A

primary somatosensory cortex

58
Q

processes sensations relative to body position and orientation in space (parietal lobe)

A

somatosensory association cortex

59
Q

processes sense of taste (parietal lobe)

A

primary gustatory cortex

60
Q

Role of occipital lobe

A

primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of visual stimuli

61
Q

primary area responsible for sight; recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc. (occipital lobe)

A

primary visual cortex

62
Q

interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

A

visual association area

63
Q

Roles of the temporal lobe

A

hearing, language comprehension, information retrieval (i.e., memory and memory formation)

64
Q

region responsible for hearing (temporal lobe)

A

primary auditory cortex

65
Q 
region that interprets smells coming from
olfactory bulb (temporal lobe)
A

primary olfactory cortex

66
Q

responsible for language comprehension (left temporal lobe only)

A

Wernicke’s area

67
Q

cannot comprehend language; words and sentences not clearly understood; sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

68
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for respiration, circulation, posture – “maintenance” functions

A

medulla and pons

69
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for muscle and reflex coordination

A

cerebellum

70
Q

part(s) of the brain containing the auditory and visual centers

A

midbrain

71
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for unconscious drives (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex, temperature control)

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

part(s) of the brain that releases hormones on command from hypothalamus

A

pituitary

73
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for sensory and motor relays and gateways to cortex

A

thalamus

74
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for initiation and execution of movement

A

basal ganglia

75
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for vision

A

retina

76
Q

part(s) of the brain responsible for memory

A

hippocampus

77
Q

contains neuronal (and glial) cell bodies

A

grey matter

78
Q

contains axons and myelin

A

white matter

79
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • moves down [ ] gradient (i.e., from area of high concentration to low concentration)
  • no energy required
  • no transport protein
  • restricted to nonpolar molecules (water, gases)
80
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • moves down [ ] gradient (i.e., from area of high concentration to low concentration)
  • no energy required
  • requires a transport protein
  • restricted to polar molecules (e.g., charged polar molecules, ions)
81
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • moves against [ ] gradient (i.e., from area of low concentration to high concentration)
  • requires a transport protein
  • requires an input of energy
  • energy comes from ATP hydrolysis or coupling
82
Q

transport proteins that carry ions or water down a concentration
gradient

A

channels

83
Q

carrier transport proteins that carry ions or molecules with the concentration gradient; can be coupled (one with [ ] gradient and one against)

A

transporters

84
Q

carrier transport proteins that use ATP hydrolysis as energy source; movement of ions or molecules against a [ ] gradient

A

ATP-powered pumps

85
Q

What are the differences between carriers and channels?

A

channels: less specific, higher rates, non-saturable
carriers: bind with specificity, rates below limit of diffusion, saturable

86
Q

How is selectivity of an ion channel conferred?

A

-lining of the pore; if cations pass through, pore is generally lined with – charged amino acid groups
- hydrated shell of water molecules; water molecules stick to ions in solution; some ions shed this shell, others enter a pore that
can accommodate

87
Q

What 3 factors affect ionic movement?

A

permeability, diffusion, electrical field

88
Q

Neurons are mostly ___ to anions at rest, but have many ___ channels.

A

impermeable; cation

89
Q

What is the chemical driving force of equilibrium?

A

ratio of concentrations on each side of the membrane (i.e., concentration gradient)

90
Q

What is the electrical driving force of equilibrium?

A

difference in electrical potential across the membrane

91
Q

current due to concentration gradient is exactly counterbalanced by the current due to the electrical gradient across the membrane

A

electrochemical equilibrium

92
Q

What is the general distribution of ions across the neuron?

A
  • [K+] is 20x higher inside
  • [Na+] is 10x higher outside
  • [Cl-] is 5x higher outside
  • [Ca2+] is 1000x higher outside
93
Q

What are the three main factors in setting the resting potential?

A
  • absolute concentration
  • concentration gradient of each ion (i.e., ratio)
  • relative permeability of the membrane to each ion (i.e., how easily does each ion cross the membrane)
94
Q

Membrane is more permeable to __ than any other ion

because of open __ channels at rest.

A

K+

95
Q

What happens at Vrest to Na+ and K+?

A

• Na+ follows its concentration and electrical gradients
into the cell
• K+ follows its concentration and electrical gradients out
of the cell

96
Q

What is the Na+/K+ transporter and how does it work?

A

antiporter: two K+ into the cell, three Na+ out of the cell

97
Q

maintains the concentration gradient AND makes the inside of the cell more negative

A

Na+/K+ ATPase transporter

98
Q

70% of all energy consumption in the brain is used to

_____.

A

pump Na+ out and K+ back into neurons

99
Q

What sets the resting membrane potential?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase transporter and leaky channels

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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