Lectures 1-3 Karius Flashcards by Alex Hamidi

what is the equivalent of anatomic dead space?

conducting airways

about mL or body weight in mL

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what are the 2 main muscles of inspiration?

diaphragm

external intercostal m.

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what does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

contracts and moves down

INC volume of the thorax

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what do the external intercostal m. do during inspiration?

raise the ribs when contracting

INC the A/P diameter of the thorax

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what are the accessory m. of inspiration?

scalene m.
sternomastoid m.
m. in head and neck

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when are accessory m. of inspiration active?

during exercise

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what is the normal intrapleural pressure at rest and at inspiration?

5 cm/H2O

- 8 cm/H2O

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what happens to the alveolar pressure at rest, inspiration, and expiration?

starts at 0
inspiration -1
expiration +1

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when does air flow into the lungs?

when alveolar P drops below atmospheric P

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what are the expiratory muscles?

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

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what happens in expiration?

inspiratory muscles relax, Volume decreases

intrapleural Pressure increases

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what is the minute ventialtion rate?

v(dot) = Vt x frequency

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what is the alveolar ventilation rate equation?

v(dot) = V alv x frequency

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what is alveolar ventilation?

Tidal volume - dead space

Vt - Vds

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where is the anatomic dead space located?

conducting airways

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what makes up the conducting zone and how many segments is it made of?

trachea –> 1,2,3 bronchus –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles

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what makes up the transitional and respiratory zones and how many segments is it made of?

respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs

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does the pulmonary circuit have high or low resistance?

LOW

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what is greater: physiological or anatomical dead space?

physiological

common in pts w/lung disease

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what is included in the abdominal wall muscles?

rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transversus abdominus m.

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what is IRV?

volume of air you can breathe in after Vt

ex. breathe in normally AND then take in more air

what is ERV?

what does this require?

the volume of air you can force out in addition to Vt

req. activation of expiratory muscles

what is RV?

cannot voluntarily force this air out

amt of air that remains in lungs

what is VC equation?

give ex. of what this is

VC = IRV + VT + ERV

breathe in as deeply as possible and exhale as much as possible

IC equation example

IC = IRV + Vt breathe in as much as you can from normal resting point

FRC equation example

FRC = ERV + RV air that remains in lungs at the end of a normal (passive) respiration

TLC equation example

TLC = ERV + IRV + RV + Vt total volume of air in your lungs after a maximal inhalation

what is the alveolar dead space

alveoli that get air, but do not get blood | No exchange occurs here

what part of the lung is the smallest airways without alveoli?

terminal bronchioles

where do alveolar capillaries arise from? what is their main interaction?

Right ventricle exchange of O2 and CO2 bw blood and air

where do extra-alveolar capillaries arise from? what is their main interaction?

Left ventricle deliver O2 and CO2 to the lungs,

what is venous admixture? what characteristics does it have?

addition of venous blood into PV (physiological shunt) reduces the PaO2 of arterial blood Increases the PaCO2

what is the source PaO2 and PaCO2 of the alveolar capillaries? what is the blood gas content of these capillaries?

low O2, high CO2 high PaO2, low PaCO2

what is the source gas content of the extra-alveolar capillaries? what is the return blood gas content of these capillaries?

high PaO2, low PaCO2 low PaO2, high PaCO2

BP equation

BP = CO x TPR

Pulmonary BP equation (PBP)

PBP = CO x PVR

the PVR is about what compared to the systemic (TPR)?

1/4

what is PVR determined by?

high # of capillaries how many are open at any 1 time lung volume (VERY high or low) symp tone/vasoconstriction forces (only a minor influence)

what happens to PVR during exercise?

it DECREASES bc more pulmonary capillaries open up to accommodate INC CO

what happens to resistance at very high or low lung volumes?

INC a little

what is the major constrictor of PVR? what is its normal value? what is the major control of it?

hypoxia low local

what is the normal level of systemic TPR? what is the major constrictor of it? what is the major control?

Moderate Sympathetics ANS

what is the Zone I pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

PA > Pa > PV

what is the Zone II pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

Pa > PA > PV

what is the Zone III pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

Pa > PV > PA

where are the alveoli the biggest in the lung? where is BP the highest in the lung?

apex base

what makes NO? what does it have a major role in?

endothelium normal pulmonary blood flow

where is endothelin 1 made? | what does it do and when is it present?

lungs | vasoconstrict, pathological conditions

where is TxA2 found?

pulmonary vasculature

what starling force is different in the lung? | what does this force now favor?

hydrostatic pressure of the tissue Ptissue filtration from capillary to the alveolus

what removes the fluid that is filtered into the alveolar space?

the lymphatics