Respiratory System and Gas Exchange - Karius/Cole

Question 1

what comprises the conducting portion?

what is its function?

Answer 1

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

carry air to and from gas exchange site

Question 2

what is the fx of respiratory portion?

where is it located?

Answer 2

gas exchange occurs here

from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 3

what is the function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

Answer 3

warm and moisten air

filter dust particles in air

Question 4

what kind of tissue is the respiratory portion lined with?

Answer 4

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/goblet cells

Question 5

how is incoming air warmed?

Answer 5

by blood in venous plexus

Question 6

what creates turbulence to help warm and moisten air?

Answer 6

sup., mid., and inf., conchae

Question 7

what type of tissue are paranasal sinuses lined by?

Answer 7

thin pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with few goblet cells

Question 8

what is part of the lamina propria of the respiratory system?

Answer 8

made of loose CT
SECS Best
seromucous glands
elastic fibers
cartilage
smooth m. 
bone

Question 9

what is the respiratory epithelium made of?

Answer 9

ciliated columnar cells

Question 10

what special features located here?

Answer 10

mucins - hydrophobic glycoproteins that make mucus

Question 11

what makes airway mucus?

Answer 11

goblet cells
clara cells
serous cells of submucosal glands

Question 12

what does mucus contain?

Answer 12

mucins
antimicrobial molecules (LID - lysozyme, IgA, defensins)
immunomodulatory molecules (secretoglobin and cytokines)
protective molecules (trefoil proteins and heregulin)

Question 13

what layers is airway mucus made of?

Answer 13

pericilliary layer

mucus gel layer atop the periciliiary layer

Question 14

what is cystic fibrosis?

what is the defect?

Answer 14

abnormally thick mucus in respiratory and gi tracts

CFTR gene, results in defective Cl- transport and INC Na+ absorption

Question 15

what is the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 15

cough, purulent secretions, dyspnea

Question 16

where do bronchial carcinoid tumors arise from?

Answer 16

basal and NE cells (of Kulchitsky)

Question 17

what does the epithelium change to in smokers?

Answer 17

changes TO stratified squamous
dec. in ciliated columnar cells
INC in goblet cells

Question 18

what does the fibroelastic ligament do?

made of what?

Answer 18

prevents overdistension of the lumen

collage and elastic fibers

Question 19

what does the trachealis m. do?

Answer 19

smooth m. that results in narrowing during cough reflex

Question 20

where is BALT located?

Answer 20

wall of intrapulmonary bronchus

Question 21

what is asthma characterized by?

Answer 21

reversible bronchoconstriction of the smooth m. bundles

reduction in the lumen of the airways

Question 22

what is a pulmonary lobule?

Answer 22

terminal bronchiole and assoc. regions of pulmonary tissues that it supplies

Question 23

what are clara cells?

what do they secrete?

Answer 23

epithelial cells w/dome-shaped apical domain that lacks cilia

surfactant

Question 24

what happens after an airway injury?

via what enzymes?

Answer 24

club cells proliferate and migrate to replenish alveolar epithelial cells (alveolar bronchiolization)

cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP4B1)

Question 25

what structures are examples of anatomic dead space?

Answer 25

trachea | bronchi

Question 26

what is alveolar dead space?

Answer 26

alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange | alveoli gets air but NO BLOOD

Question 27

what is physiological dead space?

Answer 27

alveolar + anatomical

Question 28

what kind of epithelium line alveoli?

Answer 28

simple squamous

Question 29

what is the normal resting V/Q ration?

Answer 29

0.8

Question 30

diffusion rate equation | J= ?

Answer 30

J = surface area x Diffusion coeffecient x (P1 - P2) DIVIDED by distance

Question 31

under normal resting conditions how much O2 and CO2 is exchanged every minute?

Answer 31

250 ml O2 200 ml CO2

Question 32

what are alveoli separated by?

Answer 32

interalveolar septa w/2 simple squamous epithelial layers with an interstitium bw them

Question 33

what are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?

Answer 33

make up 90% of surface area only 40% of cell population make up the cell wall (pneumocytes)

Question 34

what do type II alveolar cells produce? where are they located?

Answer 34

surfactant at the angles formed by adjacent alveolar septa

Question 35

what are macrophages called in the alveoli?

Answer 35

dust cells

Question 36

where do dust cells migrate? where are they transported to?

Answer 36

bronchi pharynx

Question 37

what are dust cells called in CHF?

Answer 37

heart failure cells | LV fails to keep pace with venous return from lungs

Question 38

neutrophils release elastase, what does this do?

Answer 38

kills elastic tissue, less elastic tissue present and thus the walls enlarge

Question 39

what blocks the neutralizes the release of elastase?

Answer 39

serum alpha-1 antitrypsin

Question 40

what is emphysema caused by?

Answer 40

permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

Question 41

what does the blood-air barrier contain?

Answer 41

cytoplasm of squamous epithelial cells (type I alveolar) fused basal lamina of type I alveolar and capillary endothelial cells cytoplasm of capillary endothelial

Question 42

what is included in the diffusion distance? what is an avg amount?

Answer 42

fluid layer alveolar epithelium interstitial space blood vessel wall 0.6 microns

Question 43

what is ARDS?

Answer 43

form of pulmonary edema that causes respiratory failure resulting from INC. permeability of alveolocapillary membrane INC in Cp or damage to alveolar epithelial lining due to endotoxins or trauma

Question 44

what does the diffusion coefficient depend on?

Answer 44

solubility of the gas in water (O2 less soluble than CO2) | molecular weight of the gas (CO2 heavier than O2)

Question 45

what does DL O2 equal? what is normal at resting conditions?

Answer 45

1.23 x DL CO 21

Question 46

what is DL CO2 at rest?

Answer 46

400

Question 47

what is LaPlace's Law?

Answer 47

P = 2T/r

Question 48

what is the effect of surfactant in the alveolus?

Answer 48

DEC T, so there is no Pressure gradient for air

Question 49

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 49

baby lungs are unable to make surfactant | common in infants born before 25-26 weeks

Question 50

What are the 3 respiratory system portions?

Answer 50

air-conduction respiratory mechanism of ventilation