Lectures 1-5

Question 1

AChR’s - nicotinic agonist and antagonist?

Answer 1

Nicotine agonist

Curare antagonist

Question 2

AChR’s - muscarinic antagonist

Answer 2

Atropine

Question 3

Where is the first neurone in the SNS?

Answer 3

spinal chord ganglia

Question 4

where is the first neurone in the PNS

Answer 4

cranium

Question 5

How many parts does the AChR have?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

What is the secondary neurotransmitter for the SNS?

Answer 6

noradrenaline

Question 7

What does the mass action law tell us?

Answer 7

The concentration of the ligand receptor complex over time

Question 8

What does radioligand binding assay measure?

Answer 8

The radioactivity of a ligand is used to measure the concentration when bound to a receptor

Question 9

What do ligand gated ion channels cause?

Answer 9

depolarisation of the membrane

Question 10

What type of receptors are ligand gated ion channels?io

Answer 10

ionotropic

Question 11

What kind of receptors are GCPR’s?

Answer 11

metabotropic

Question 12

What allows the G protein subunits to reassemble?

Answer 12

The hydrolysis of GTP in the alpha subunit

Question 13

What does G alpha S do?

Answer 13

activates adenyl cyclase

Question 14

what does G alpha i do?

Answer 14

deactivates adenyl cyclase

Question 15

What does Gq do?

Answer 15

stimulates Phospholipase C

Question 16

What does PIP3 do?

Answer 16

splits into insP3 and DAG

Question 17

Explain the interaction between cAMP and PKA

Answer 17

cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, releasing the catalytic subunits
They then phosphorylate target proteins and enter the nucleus, they phosphorylate CREB, which then recruits a CREB binding protein
The complex the activates transcription

Question 18

What do kinase-linked receptors do?

Answer 18

phosphorylation of proteins

Question 19

In the hypothalamus, what secretes TRH?

Answer 19

neurones

Question 20

where to ductless endocrine glands secrete?

Answer 20

directly into the body

Question 21

What is TRH

Answer 21

thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 22

What is TSH and where is it secreted?

Answer 22

thyroid stimulating hormone

secreted in the anterior pituitary

Question 23

how are protein hormones formed from their precursors

Answer 23

proteolysis

Question 24

What are corticotrophs

Answer 24

basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary which produce pre-pro-opiomelanocortins, which produce an ACTH

Question 25

What is ACTH?

Answer 25

adenocorticotropic hormone

Question 26

What is ACTH produced from?

Answer 26

corticotrophs - pre-pro-opiomelanocotrtins

Question 27

How does cholesterol reach the mitochondria

Answer 27

steroid acute regulatory hormone (StAR)

Question 28

Generally, where are steroid hormones produced?

Answer 28

adrenal cortex

Question 29

What are the 5 groups of steroid hormones?

Answer 29

``` Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens Estrogens Progestogens ```

Question 30

Are amine hormones lipophilic or lipophobic?

Answer 30

lipophilic

Question 31

What is T4?

Answer 31

thyroxine - inactive precursor to T3

Question 32

How are hyrdophobic hormones carried in the blood?

Answer 32

carrier proteins

Question 33

expand on the term 'ligand-inducible transcription factors'

Answer 33

steroid hormone bind to specific hormone response elements (HRE's) in promotor regions, the TF's are hence the receptors they bind to

Question 34

What is K(D)?

Answer 34

concentration of the drug resulting in half of the available receptors being occupied

Question 35

What are Ca2+ channels blocked by?

Answer 35

nifedipine

Question 36

What is a super agonist?

Answer 36

an agonist which doesn't have to bind to all the receptors to give maximal efficacy

Question 37

Name 4 types of drug receptors

Answer 37

enzymes ion channels transporters physiological receptors

Question 38

What are dirty drugs?

Answer 38

drugs with many targets

Question 39

When do nicotinic ACh receptors become visible?

Answer 39

They are low affinity, so only when the higher affinity muscarinic receptors become poisoned

Question 40

What does atropine do?

Answer 40

lowers blood pressure

Question 41

Name the 5 receptor super families

Answer 41

``` Integral ion channels Integral tyrosine kinases steroid (nuclear receptors) GCPR's Cytokines ```