Lectures 1-7 Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

The hominiods

Answer 1

Hylobatid-Gibbons Pongid /Pongidaes/Chimps Hominin/Hominidae/Humans (US)

Answer 2

A stable polymorphism in a population is when natural selection works to prevent an allele from being lost. Sickle cell is a balanced polymorphism because carriers are resistant to malaria, an infection by the parasite

Answer 3

is a physiological adaptation and occurs at the individual level, unlike developmental adaptation, it can occur at any time during a persons life.

Answer 4

is the study of animal behavior-is the study of non-humans in natural settings. It can occur in captive settings, the methodology is strict.

Answer 5

To help us understand the nature of the human body and mind. To see what behavioral characteristic correlate with intelligence.

Answer 6

generalized not specialized- the primate body is generalized not specialized (giraffe long neck is a specialized trait)-

Answer 7

Forward Facing Eyes Stereotypic Eyes- Focus on what object is Depth perception which is beneficial in several aspects including predation Humans and Ape both have Y5 Molars Enhanced sense of touch Enclosed bony eye orbits in skull- diurnal animals grasping hands and opposable thumb

Answer 8

tiny bit of skeleton that protects inner ear-only trait that has stuck around through evolutionary history. PRIMATE SPECIFIC

Answer 9

- specific reproduction - long lifespan - learned behaviors - delayed maturation - parental investment - energy allocation

Answer 10

NW and OW | Apes, OW, Monkeys and Humans- 2 incisors, 1 canine,2 premolars, and 1 molar

Answer 11

``` Strepsirhine (Prosimians) only found in Madagascar Four Families: Lemuridae (true lemurs) - Cheirogalidae (dwarf lemurs) Indriidae (the sifakas and indri) Daubentoniidae (aye-aye) ```

Answer 12

Nocturnal and solitary ◦ Insect/fruit eaters

Answer 13

Diurnal ◦ Arboreal (most time in trees)

Answer 14

Solitary Nocturnal Feeds on bird eggs

Answer 15

Best known and widely studied | Female Dominant to males

Answer 16

Strepsirhine family- most poached animals

Answer 17

``` ◦ Tarsier ◦ New World Monkeys ◦ Old World Monkeys ◦ Apes ◦ Hominids Rely more on vision than sense of smell Diurnal -except for Tarsier and Owl Monkey Live in Social Groups/ Intertwined complex brain and social ```

Answer 18

Classified in the infraorder *Platyrrhini Habitat: tropical and subtropical forests of Western Hemisphere. N. Argentina to Mexico Small Body Size: heaviest 25lb to lowest 1.5 pounds ◦ Three Premolar Teeth: unlike 2 premolars in other haplorrhine Prehensile tail: an adaptation for feeding

Answer 19

Cebidae ◦ Atelidae ◦ Pithecidae ◦ Callitrichidae

Answer 20

 Cebidae (capuchin monkeys):  Atelidae (howlers/spider):  Callitrichidae (marmosets/tamarins):  Pithecidae (sakis)

Answer 21

La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face)

Answer 22

La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face) The goal of this project was to monitor the level of habituation amongst one family of monkeys with repeated exposure to four individuals

Answer 23

Although a prosimian, it is classified as a haplorphine because of its close genetic/behavioral relation to haplorrhines

Answer 24

Fall under the infraorder Catarrhini Features: ◦ Ischial Callosities: sitting callouses on the rump that is related to sitting comforatably. ◦ Bilophodant Molars: strong in enamel and believed to be a trait of chewing tough plant fiber material OW monkeys have exploited a variety of habitats, unlike their NW counterparts

Answer 25

Cercopithecoid family- colobines are closely related medium sized primates with a long tail and array of color variation. Mostly arboreal and live in various climates except in dry areas. Colobines are folivores - a diet rich in leaves. Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced

Answer 26

``` Includes: Leaf Monkeys ◦ Langurs ◦ Odd-nosed monkeys ◦ Colobus (Africa) ```

Answer 27

OW monkey- in cercopithecine family-most famous out of all OW Monkeys Estrus-The skin around her genital area will become inflates and is a signal for fertility

Answer 28

OW are physically larger and more socially complex

Answer 29

``` Pongo Pygmaeus Hominoid Primate Among largest brain mammals on earth lived in Sumartara and Boreno Highly Arboreal Solitary unlike apes adult females travel with young for 8 years ```

Answer 30

Basically, hominoids express many of the haplorhine traits=just extended Increased Brain Volume and Intelligence ◦ Social Complexity ◦ Large Body Size

Answer 31

Pan troglodytes Closest living relative to Homo Sapiens Estimated numbers: 150,000 to 200,000  Less sexual dimorphism: males weigh 150 lbs--about 15% more than females In the group, males are highly territorial and form cohesive bonds (not necessarily based on relatedness) Females are more independent…particularly to avoid conflict

Answer 32

Gestation: 8 months, 4 year infancy, sexual maturity: 12 years

Answer 33

Learned not genetic

Answer 34

Two main species ◦ Gorilla gorilla (Western Lowland) ◦Gorilla beringei (Mountain Gorilla)  found in equatorial Africa (Republic of Congo)  80,000 estimated Lowland, only 600 mountain gorillas remain

Answer 35

Extremely sexually dimorphic: males outweigh females by 50%  Sexual maturity: males acquire gray hair on their backs (hence silverback)  Inter-birth Interval 4 years on average  Females (upon reaching sm, migrate to other groups)

Answer 36

Diet: gorillas primarily eat high-fiber, poor-quality plants They are slow-moving and show less aggression than their African ape cousins, the chimpanzees.  Lowland and Mountain gorillas are socially distinct…lowland groups are observed to be less-cohesive and eat in a variety of niches

Answer 37

Pan paniscus close relatives of the chimpanzees and often called “pygmy chimps” Only exist in Democratic Republic of Congo  Diet: primarily frugivores but digest some leaf material Female bonobos forge strong social bonds and use coalition tactics to prevent males from dominating them Group female members will accept outside members in neighboring communities

Answer 38

Greatest threat is Habitat Destruction International zoo/lab/pet trade Bushmeat

Answer 39

The human connection- Due to bushmeat, HIV is now the number 1 killer of individuals 1524 years old in the WORLD (not just Africa) similar genetics, similar susceptibility. Several of these zoonotic transmissions occurred in medical labs, by accident. Anthrax and Ebola have recently been found in ape populations ◦ HIV/AIDS has generally been accepted as first being observed in chimpanzees (as an unthreatening SIV virus)

Answer 40

Pattern of eating, mating socializing and sleeping that all non human primates engage in all day. The budget is tightly linked to dietary choices.

Answer 41

many non human primates are victim of predation small bodied primates are more often victims. Owls and other birds are primarily responsible for the mortality in the lemur population

Answer 42

shared/learned/inherited

Answer 43

1. Natural Selection 2. Mutation 3. Gene Flow 4. Genetic Drift

Answer 44

The genetic makeup of an individual

Answer 45

observable or measurable feature of an individual

Answer 46

an antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.

Answer 47

two more distinct alleles that exist together within a population. Most polymorphisms can be expressed phenotypically, however they can be expressed Geno typically, ABO blood types are an example. Blood types are a type of polymorphisms

Answer 48

Blood types determined by two antigens • A antigen • B antigen A-Dominant B-Dominant O-Recessive (62% of population) AB- Co Dominant

Answer 49

``` Phenotype -Geneotype A - AA or AO B - BB or BO AB co-dominant AB O - OO ```

Answer 50

A Point Mutation is basically a single point change on a gene. Not all mutations are bad. Elephant Trunk is good mutation enhanced a chance of survival

Answer 51

Natural Selection is a direct result of mutation. This creates variation.

Answer 52

looks at pedigrees of related individuals Dominant and Recessive Alleles Heterozygus Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive (1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation.

Answer 53

is a mutation is the sex cells. Generally leads to non reproductive offspring

Answer 54

is a form of genetic drift; it occurs when a small group of large parent population migrates to a new region. The small group is in a population where they cannot breed with another species or its is unoccupied. As the population grows it diverges further from the source.

Answer 55

“an interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated…”

Answer 56

body cells passed onto daughter cells during mitosis and to offspring of these cells not passed to sexually produced offspring e.g. mutation in skin cell could result in patch of skin cells with same mutation but would not be passed on to person's children

Answer 57

too many calories resulting in excess stored fat- associated health risks include type 2 diabete, osetoarthistis and hypertension, cardiovascular disease stroke and early adult death

Answer 58

Rh factor inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles 2 alleles for Rh factor: • Rh+ (dominant) [antigen is present] • Rh- (recessive) [antigen is absent]

Answer 59

too few calories and/or specific required nutrients reduced growth, slower growth, susceptibility to infection and predisposition to adult disease

Answer 60

1: Cultural- Culture is Shared, Learned, and Inherited 2: Linguistics-The comparative study of the ways in which language shapes social life 3: Archaeological- A. Study human culture by analyzing the objects people have made. 4: Biological- Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

Answer 61

Holism is the idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts. The term Holism was coined by J C Smuts in Holism and Evolution.

Answer 62

``` observations-something physical hypothesis-is an observable prediction test/method-experiment data analysis- results- RESULTS DO NOT ALWAYS SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS ```

Answer 63

No population or organism is perfectly adapted. Second, it's more accurate to think of natural selection as a process rather than as a guiding hand. Natural selection is the simple result of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity — it is mindless and mechanistic. ... The result is evolution.

Answer 64

Viability selection, the selection of individual organisms who can survive until they are able to reproduce. Fetal viability, the ability of a fetus to survive outside of the uterus. Genetic viability, chance of a population of plants or animals to avoid the problems of inbreeding.

Answer 65

NS runs off reproductive success

Answer 66

organ within a cell- nucleus was first organelle identified

Answer 67

where metabolic reactions take place

Answer 68

site of protein synthesis

Answer 69

the dispersed uncoiled strands of DNA as it exist during the interphase of the cell cycle

Answer 70

non reproductive state

Answer 71

46 Chromosomes -Diploid-full complement of paired chromosomes found in gamate cell 23 pairs-haploid

Answer 72

location of a gene on a chromosome

Answer 73

is when somatic cells replicate and lead to formation of two identical daughter cells

Answer 74

is the process that creates gametes, where cells have the haploid number of genetic information

Answer 75

44 autosomes

Answer 76

made up of one cell

Answer 77

no nucleus

Answer 78

DNA in nucleus multi cellular

Answer 79

Down syndrome- result of extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Answer 80

Edwards Syndrome- third chromosome on the 18th pair

Answer 81

Extra chromosome of the 13th pair- Patau Syndrome

Answer 82

Prototheria- lay eggs but produce milk (platutpus) Theria- metatheria- marsupials-pouch kangaroo eutheria- placental mammals. includes 2 dozen orders of one of which is primate

Answer 83

Catarrhini

Answer 84

Platyrrhini