Lectures 10-12 Important Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Council of Nicea
A
a church meeting in AD 325 to discuss (among other things) the full deity of Jesus Christ
2
Q
Theos
A
Greek for God
3
Q
Son of Man
A
a Messianic title connected with the awesome figure described in Daniel 7:13
4
Q
Monotheism
A
the belief in the existence of one God
5
Q
Shema
A
the traditional Jewish prayer found in Deuteronomy 6:4: “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one”
6
Q
Trilemma
A
the apologetic argument that Jesus must have been either a liar, lunatic, or the Lord; other options have been proposed beyond these three alternatives.
7
Q
Hypostatic union
A
Jesus existing as one person with two natures (divine & human)
8
Q
Incarnation
A
literally “in the flesh;” Jesus becoming fully human through his supernatural conception.
9
Q
Kenosis
A
literally “emptying:” Jesus’ letting go of divine privilege in becoming a human servant
10
Q
Impeccability
A
not being able to sin; incapable of sinning
11
Q
Trinity
A
The one God eternally existing as three distinct persons, yet one in essence and nature
12
Q
Guru
A
a spiritual teacher, as found in Eastern religions
13
Q
Pantheism
A
the belief that God is everything; God is synonymous with the sum total of reality or the universe itself
14
Q
Prima facie
A
at first face, on first encounter
15
Q
Problem of the one and the many
A
the tension between unity and diversity; how does one find unity in the midst of plurality? How does one respect the plurality of particularity while addressing the necessity of unity?
16
Q
Modus operandi
A
manner of working
17
Q
Religions pluralis
A
sometimes used of the coexistence of multiple religions in a culture; sometimes used of the stance that religions should not make truth claims against each other, or that the many world religions are all valid approaches to ultimate reality.
18
Q
Universalism
A
the stance that all persons will eventually be saved or receive eternal life
19
Q
Religious particularism (religious exclusivism)
A
the stance that one religions is uniquely true and uniquely salvific
20
Q
Golden Rule
A
“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you;” a similar tenet is found in various religions (sometimes in the negative or “silver” form: “Don’t do unto others what you don’t want done to you”)
21
Q
Inductive logic
A
reasoning from a set of specific facts or multiple, particular instances to a general conclusion
22
Q
Deductive logic
A
arguing from accepted premises to a necessary conclusion
23
Q
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”
A
Matthew 28:19
24
Q
Matthew 28:19
A
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”
25
For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily
Colossians 2:10
26
Colossians 2:10
For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily
27
Porphyry
Was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was trained under the famous Plotinus. He was an early example of biblical criticism, and one of the most influential opponents of early Christianity.
28
Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved
Acts 4:12
29
Acts 4:12
Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved
30
Douglas Grrothuis
Is a professor of philosophy at Denver Seminary. Became famous through his critiques of New Age spirituality, and his "Truth Decay" was a response to cultural shifts associated with postmodern relativism.
31
Axiology
The study of values
32
Aesthetics
the study of beauty and art
33
Ethics
the study of moral evaluation, right and wrong
34
Teleological
relating to goal or purpose
35
Extrinsic value
an object being valued for reasons outside itself
36
Instrumental value
an object being valued as a means to end
37
Sentimental value
an object being valued because of emotional attachment
38
Intrinsic value
possessing inherent value; being valuable in and of itself
39
Practical imperative
Immanuel Kant's maxim that no human should be used as a means to an end
40
Imago Dei
latin for image of God
41
Existentialism
the school of philosophy that emphasizes that "existence" (our human condition as passionate, freely choosing subjects) thames precedence of essence (what we are). Humans are ushers into existence and are forced to make choices, and this decision-making in turn forms the nature of our own selves.
42
Bad faith
Jean-Paul Sarte's term for allowing others to form us and our values
43
Authenticity
Sarte's term for taking responsibility in the midst of our rather absurd existence, and determining our choices and therefore ourselves (the selves we will become) in human freedom
44
Altruism
unselfish concern for others
45
Postmodernism
a reaction to modernity in the arts, literature, and philosophy
46
Anti-foundational
the belief that no fundamental belief or principle grounds knowledge or inquiry
47
Scientific optimism
the belief that scientific knowledge will make the world better and better
48
Metanarrative
a comprehensive narrative or accounting of experience, history, and the world
49
Septuagint
the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures
50
Meaning of Life
the philosophical question concerning the ultimate significance of life or existence
51
Nihilism
the belief that there is no ultimate meaning to the universe, human existence, or my life in particular
52
Maya
the illusion of reality of the sensory world and one's own distinct material self, leading to a false dichotomy between the self and the Universe (in the view of Eastern religiosity)
53
Atman
a concept of "soul" or the principle of life, as in Hinduism
54
Brahman
the unchanging reality (primal source and ultimate goal) amidst and beyond the world, as in Hinduism
55
Anatman
the concept of "no-soul" as in Buddhism; the doctrine that there is no permanent underlying substance in humans of a "soul"
56
Optimistic humanism
the belief that life has meaning as it labors toward the progress of the human race as a whole
57
Subjectivism
the view that we create our own meaning to life
58
Facticities
Sartre's term for the concrete details that form the background by which human freedom is limited
59
Summum bonum
the highest good; in traditional Christian theology, the eternal enjoyment of God, when joyful pleasure and moral duty are united as one
60
Proportion
in the visual arts, the aspect of ration in elements of design
61
Dual love command
the command to love God fully and to love one's neighbor as oneself
62
Jean-Paul Sartre
French existentialist philosopher and public intellectual. He challenged cultural assumptions, opposed conformity (bad faith), and emphasized the freedom of authenticity of choosing how to make oneself. Religiously, he adopted atheistic approach, and embraced Marxism and later anarchism. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, but refused to accept it.
63
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher who at the age of 24 was one of the youngest tenured professors of Classics on record. He proclaimed "God is Dead" and strongly opposed Christian morality.
64
Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whiter things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy - meditate on these things
Philippians 4:8
65
Philippians 4:8
Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whiter things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy - meditate on these things
66
For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, while we do not look at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen. For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.
2 Corinthians 4:17-18
67
2 Corinthians 4:17-18
For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, while we do not look at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen. For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.
68
By this all will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another
John 13:35
69
John 13:35
By this all will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another
70
Metaphysics
the study of reality
71
Cosmology
the study of the origins and nature of the universe
72
Logic
the study of sound reasoning and argumentation
73
Epistemology
the study of knowledge
74
Aesthetics
the study of beauty and art
75
Ethics
the study of moral evaluation, right and wrong
76
Descriptive ethics (comparative ethics)
simply describes the ethical standards or customs of a people grow, without making moral judgement
77
Normative ethics (prescriptive ethics)
the make of moral judgements, explaining the way things should be, and determining a moral course of action
78
Applied ethics
joining moral theory to the examination of particular fields
79
Metaethics
asking deeper, underlying questions or morality, such as the nature of ethical terms, properties, and judgements
80
Emotivism
the view that moral judgements express how we feel about a course of action
81
Prescriptivism
the view that moral judgements function as pieces of advice or imperatives without necessarily being grounded in the truth of reality (such that a condemned action really is wrong)
82
Subjectivist theory of morality
the view that the ethical nature of moral judgements depends upon what people thing, what's in our minds
83
Objectivist theory of morality
the belief that there is a moral standard or norms outside of humans
84
Divine command theory
the view that moral standards and norms are found in God's commands
85
Natural law theory
the view that universal principles are embedded in the nature of humans and the natural world as discoverable by reason
86
Progressive revelation
God has dealt differently with differing groups through time, so that later Scriptures provide fuller revelation
87
Etiquette
A code of behavior arising from social convection
88
Civil disobedience
non-violent protest against the perceived injustice of a law or policy, as a form of public statement
89
Conscientious objection
purposeful disobedience to a law perceived to be unjust or immoral, not necessarily seeking to effect a change in the laws, and therefore not necessarily seeking to make a "public" statement
90
Consequentialism
looking at the outcomes of an action to determine its morality
91
Altruism
unselfish concern for others
92
Utilitarianism
a system of ethics focusing upon "the greatest good for the greatest number of people"
93
Non-conquentialism
not basing the morality of an action upon its results
94
Deontological ethics
a system of ethics maintain that one should always do one's duty, in spite of consequences; within the system, obligations derive from reason ing leading to specific rules of conduct rather than from the maximization of some good.
95
Intuitionism
the belief that duties arise from a direct, immediate moral awareness
96
Hedonism
the pursuit of pleasure
97
Problem of evil
the difficulty in espousing God's existence in the face of the evil and suffering in the world
98
Omnipotence
all-powerful
99
Omniscience
all-knowing
100
Omnibenevolence
all-good, perfectly good
101
Finite godism
a god exists, but is lacking in perfections; in some forms, God is limited in His power and is not able to eradicate (or even control) evil
102
Process theology
the view that one of God's essential attributes is to be developed along with the world; God is fully involved with and affected by the processes of the world in that he is temporal, mutable, and passible in some respects
103
Dualism
the belief that there are two supreme beings, one good and one evil, and they are vying for control of the cosmos
104
Theodicy
a justification of the existence of God in the face of the problem of evil, by explaining the actual reasons why God allows evil
105
Defense
in the case of the problem of evil, putting forth reasons that are possible but not necessarily exact nor comprehensive in an actual, given case
106
Moral evil
evil involving the guilt of personal agents, such as murder, rape, and slander
107
Natural evil
evil in the physical world apart from the direct action of personal agents, such as natural disasters, birth defects, and disease
108
Proto-evangelium
the "first gospel;" the promise of a Redeemer implicit in Genesis 3:15
109
Garrett DeWeese
a former missionary to Europe, is now a Professor of Philosophy and Philosophical Theology at Talbot School of Theology (Biola University). He is the author of "Philosophy Made Slightly Less Difficult" and "Doing Philosophy as a Christian."
110
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law
Galatians 5:22-23
111
Galatians 5:22-23
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law
112
Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells
2 Peter 3:13
113
2 Peter 3:13
Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells
114
I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now life in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me.
Galatians 2:20
115
Galatians 2:20
I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now life in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me.
116
John Whitcomb
taught theology and Old Testament studies at Grace Theological Seminary. He received his graduate degrees at Grace after attending Princeton University for his undergraduate studies. Along with Henry Morris, he co-authored "The Genesis Flood." He now serves as president of Whitcomb Ministries
117
The "Problem of Evil"
Premise A: If God is all-knowing, all good, and all powerful, he would know about evil, and He would want to and could end evil.
Premise B: There is evil.
Conclusion: Therefore, such a God does not exist
118
The "Problem of Evil" Reframed
Premise A: If God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good, He would know how to deal with evil; and He would want to and could end evil in the best way and time.
Premise B: There is evil now
Conclusion: Therefore, since God has not yet eradicated evil as a contemporary problem, He will do so in His all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good way and time in the future.
