Lectures 11-16 Flashcards
1
Q
What is EIMD?
EIMD & Hypertrophy
A
Exercise Induce Muscle Damage
2
Q
What is the process of EIMD?
EIMD & Hypertrophy
A
Exercise Muscle damage Loss of calcium ions (homeostasis) Inflammation Remodelling & regeneration
3
Q
Summary - Slide 25, lecture 15
EIMD & Hypertrophy
A
Recap lecture
4
Q
Question - what are the adaptations you would expect to see in an there following a strength training programme?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Look in PE book
5
Q
Three proposes primary are responsible for training adaptations:
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Mechanical tension
Metabolic stress
Muscle damage
6
Q
Mechanical tension in terms of causing training adaptations:
What is it?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Referee to the loading of muscle and is proposed to disrupt skeletal muscle structures -> compromising the integrity of individual muscle fibres -> leading to cellular responses
7
Q
Metabolic stress in terms of causing training adaptations:
What is it?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Local metabolic stress involves the accumulation of metabolic by-products
8
Q
Muscle damage in terms of causing training adaptations:
What is it?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Leads to hypertrophic responses whereby the inflammatory response and upregulaton of protein synthesis -> resulting in greater muscle size
9
Q
What neural adaptations occur in the first 8-20 wks of strength training?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Learn movement (motor learning) / neuromuscular inhibition
Motor unit recruitment
Firing rate
Coordination of motor unit
10
Q
What did Ebola (1988) say about strength gains
Adaptations to strength training
A
Can be achieved without structural changes in the muscle but not without neural adaptations
11
Q
In terms of Learning Movement (motor learning) / Neuromuscular Inhibition (neural adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Increases activation of individual muscles
The coordination of groups of muscles
12
Q
In terms of Motor Unit Recruitment (neural adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Increases motor unit recruitment
Preferential recruitment of high threshold motor units
Lowering thresholds of motor unit recruitment
Above factors increase agonist activation and tension development
13
Q
In terms of firing frequency (neural adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Discharge frequency of motor neurons
Greater force / power production
Increase in number of doublet discharges
Increased recruitment and firing rate following training
14
Q
In terms of synchronisation (neural adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Enables smooth movement
Can synchronously activate multiple motor units
Increased force production (caused by co-activation of a range of muscles)
Simplify and co-ordinate complex movements
15
Q
When is strength expression typically at its greatest?
Adaptations to strength training
A
More motor units are involved
Motor units are greater in size
Rate of firing is faster
Greater synchronisation of motor units
16
Q
What are the muscular adaptations (physical changes) from strength training?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Hypertrophy CSA / pennation angle Increase in number: Hyperplasia? Hormones / growth factors Cellular enzymes
17
Q
In terms of Hypertrophy (muscular adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Increase in cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibres
This increases contractile material to increase force production
Preferentially hypertrophy of type 2 fibres occurs rapidly following strength training
Increase in myonuclei
18
Q
What are satellite cells
Adaptations to strength training
A
A population of muscle-derived stem cells responsible for myofibrils development and renewal
19
Q
How does resistance exercise training impact number of stem cells?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Increases the number after several days
20
Q
The stopping of training is associated with what in terms of satellite cell activation
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Termination of satellite cell activation
21
Q
After heavy resistance exercise, what happens to protein synthesis?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
It is increased for up to 48 hours
Similar with myofibrils protein synthesis (72h)
22
Q
In terms of pennation / CSA (muscular adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
As angle of pennation increases -> increased packing of muscle fibres within the same ACSA (Slide. 27, lecture 16)
23
Q
In terms of hyperplasia (muscular adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Increased number of muscle fibres
Myogenesis
Increased CSA
24
Q
In terms of growth factors / hormones (muscular adaptations)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
A
Stimulate release of growth factors
Change expression of the major muscle growth regulators -> enhance protein synthesis
25
In terms of cellular adaptations (muscular adaptation)
How does it improve performance?
(Adaptations to strength training)
Increased resting glycogen and PCr
26
What training is best to develop strength?
Volume
(Adaptations to strength training)
Schoenfeld et al., 2016
Concluded that higher volume training produces greater gains in muscle mass than lower volume training
Potentially linked to the prolonged metabolic stress
27
What training is best to develop strength?
Load
(Adaptations to strength training)
Proposed as a vital factor in maximising muscle hypertrophy
Emphasising both mechanical tension and metabolic stress simultaneously (70-85% 1RM) are traditionally recommended
28
What training is best to develop strength?
Frequency
(Adaptations to strength training)
Wernborn et al., 2007 showed that 2-3 sessions per week is optimal
High training frequency should be periodised strategically so that adequate recovery is provided between sessions
29
Concentric vs eccentric in strength training
| Adaptations to strength training
Eccentric contractions more potent to induce hypertrophy than concentric
30
Recap questions
| Adaptations to strength training
Slide 35, lecture 16
31
What are the structural and functional similarities between bones and tendons?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Both are composites
Both are subjected to forces generated during joint movement and locomotion
Both exhibit mechanical behaviour and adaptable to functional loading they experience
32
Why are adaptations in connective tissue important for function?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
```
Connect different types of tissue
Support
Protection
Resist stretching & tearing forces
Mechanical framework (skeleton)
Transfer of muscle forces
Stability around the joint
```
33
Connective tissues form some of the resistance in muscle that allows what?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Generation of higher levels of tension in the muscle
34
In order to optimise an athletes rehab, a resistance training programme must account for
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Type of injury
Stage of healing
The functional and architectural requirements for the muscle and tendon
The long-term goals for that patient
35
What must a rehab programme do in terms of a rehab programme?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Appropriately stress musculature and also the muscle tendon junction and the tendon itself at the insertion point
36
What happens to the tendon in response to resistance training?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Increased stiffness (good thing)
37
What does stiffness describe in the tendon?
| Muscle tendon relationship
A mechanical property of the tendon
38
What is stiffness?
| Muscle tendon relationship
The force required to stretch a tendon per a unit of distance
39
What can increased stiffness do?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Impact the ability of the muscle to rapidly generate force (I think it improves)
40
How does a tendon adapt to a load?
| Muscle tendon relationship
It becomes stiffer
Muscles get stronger, tendons get stiffer
41
What does a tendon attach?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Muscle to bone
42
What is the primary role of a tendon?
| Muscle tendon relationship
To transmit contractile forces to the skeleton to generate joint movement
43
What are tendons a part of?
| Muscle tendon relationship
The musculotendinous unit
44
What is the make up of a tendon?
| Muscle tendon relationship
30% collagen
2% elastin
68% water
Tenocytes
45
What is the blood supply and colour of tendons like?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Avascular (poor blood supply)
| Appear bright white
46
What is a tendon mainly comprised of?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Type I collagen in an extracellular matrix
47
What is the musculotendinous unit/complex?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Where the muscle and tendons meet together
48
What is an issue with a tendon if it is not stiff?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Will move about in an uncontrollable manner which is negative to performance
49
What is external oscillating force?
| Muscle tendon relationship
If tendon is very compliant then despite constant muscle length you would see oscillation in the tendon - hence movement of the joint = bad
50
To translate forces directly to the joint, what do you need?
| Muscle tendon relationship
A stiff tendon
51
Stretching a tendon results in what? What happens when stretching is stopped?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Results in elastic energy storage
This is returned once tensile load is removed
52
Can a tendon increase the number of fibres in that tendon through training?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Yes, but not at the same rate as a muscle
53
Strength of a tendon is determined by collagen fibres:
| Muscle tendon relationship
Number
Size
Thickness
Orientation
54
Why do lots of injuries occur in the tendon?
| Muscle tendon relationship
The muscle can produce a great force which travels directly through the tendon which can cause damage
55
What is the musculotendinous complex/unit?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Junctional area between the muscle and tendon
56
What happens to the musculotendinous complex during transmission of muscular contractor force to the tendon?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Subjected to great mechanical stress
57
What is the Osteotendinous junction?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Where tendon meets bone
A gradual transition from tendon to fibrocartilage to lamellar bone
58
What is the main cause of osteotendinous junction injuries?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Overuse, eg. Tennis elbow
59
How does the tendon adapt to training?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Increase in cross sectional area and strength
60
What are the specific changes in a tendon that contribute to an increase in CSA and strength
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Increase in collagen fibril diameter
Greater number of covalent cross links within a fibre of increased diameter
Increase in the number of collagen fibrils
Increase in the packing density of collagen fibrils
61
A greater force going down on the tendon results in what?
| Muscle tendon relationship
A greater sprain back up as more energy is stored and thus released
62
What happens if force is placed on a tendon and is left for a while?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
It’s ability to recoil dissipates
63
What is the stretch shortening cycle?
| Muscle tendon relationship
The ability to recoil and help enhance the muscular properties of a movement in an individual
64
What is a typical plyometric type movement?
| Muscle tendon relationship
A box drop
65
What are the three phases of the SSC
| Muscle tendon relationship
Preactivation
Stretch
Shortening
66
What are the two broader phases of the SSC
| Muscle tendon relationship
Eccentric phase - muscle lengthening under tension
Concentric phase - muscle shortening
67
What does a stiffer tendon result in?
| Muscle tendon relationship
More rapid transition from standing state to jumping state
68
What did Kubo (2007) and Abdelsattar (2018) show about tendon stiffness and performance?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Increases tendon stiffness improves performance (less time in contact with ground measured by force plate)
69
How would stiff tendons be described?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Only changes length by a small amount when a large force is applied
70
What is the opposite word for stiff tendons?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Compliant
71
How would compliant tendons be described?
| Muscle tendon relationship
Changes length substantially when the same amount of force is applied
72
Is high tendon stiffness always a good thing?
| Muscle tendon relationship
No, depends on the sport and the sports demands
| Stiffness may be good for sprinters but no marathon runners for example
73
What is the relationship between tendon stiffness, performance and health?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Stiffness may be good for performance but not good for health and injury
Lecture 11, slide 23
74
What did McHugh et al (1999)’s study show with tendon stiffness
(Muscle tendon relationship)
People with stiff tendons showed lower isometric strength and higher subjective pain three days after completing an exercise than compliant/normal tendon stiffness
75
How can tendon stiffness be reduced?
| Muscle tendon relationship
By passive and simple stretching without any load
76
Anicdote about eccentric stretches and Achilles strength
| Muscle tendon relationship
Lecture 11, slide 25
77
What type of contractions are optimal for maintaining tendon health?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Slow, lengthening contractions
78
Stiff tendons are ideal for what? But increase the risk for what?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Ideal for speed
Increase risk of tendon and muscle injury
79
Following forced inactivity (eg bed rest) tendons lose what? What can this lead to?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Lose compliance near muscle and lead to injury
80
What can decrease time away from training in terms of rehab and tendons
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Implement slow lengthening contractions
81
What did Magnusson & Kjaer (2003) show about Achilles’ tendon strength in endurance runners vs control
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Greater CSA in long distance runners
But stiffness no different to control
82
How do Arampatzis et al (2007) and Kubo et al (2000) differ on evidence for stiffness in tendons in sprinters vs controls
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Arampatzis - stiffness greater
Kubo - no difference in stiffness
83
How do tendon stiffness adaptations occur compared to muscle adaptations?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Adapts over a much longer period of time & stresses need to be above a specific mechanical threshold in terms of intensity/frequency/volume
84
Research stuff on slides
| Muscle tendon relationship
Lecture 11, slide 28/29
85
Clear evidence suggests what about chronic exercise and bones, tendons & cartilage?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Chronic exercise leads to positive adaptions in those
86
Mechanical unloading during injury/sedentary behaviour/elderly induces what in the connective tissue?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Deterioration
87
Exercise of low to moderate intensity does not markedly change the “X” content of tendons, ligaments, fascia
(Muscle tendon relationship)
Collagen
88
High loading of tendons, ligaments and fascia results in what?
(Muscle tendon relationship)
A net growth of the involved tissues
89
Recap questions
| Muscle tendon relationship
Lecture 11, slide 31
90
What are the three main processes involved in the optimisation of training?
(Optimisation of training)
Needs analysis
Planning & programming
Testing & monitoring
91
What is a needs analysis?
| Optimisation of training
A process that helps us identify the needs of a sport
This helps us create a benchmark of what we hope to achieve with the athlete
92
What are kinematics?
| Optimisation of training
Coachables
Mechanics at work: movements, positioning, range of motion, muscle groups
93
What are kinetics?
| Optimisation of training
Trainables
Forces at work: strength, contraction mode rate, magnitude
94
What are energetically?
| Optimisation of training
The capacity to fuel mechanic work
| Things like anaerobic/aerobic systems etc
95
Whilst it is important to assess what developments are ideal for the sport, what can be considered slightly more important?
(Optimisation of training)
Screening and assessing the individual needs of the athlete
96
Before thinking about the specific demands of the sport, what must first happen to the athlete?
(Optimisation of training)
Must be brought up to an appropriate level of fitness
97
What considerations must a coach consider when planning a programme
(Optimisation of training)
Chronological/biological/training age
Sport, event, position, career, stage, lifestyle
98
What is chronological age
| Optimisation of training
Your actual age, how old you are
99
What is training age?
| Optimisation of training
How long you’ve been training for (probably the most important one)
100
What is biological age?
| Optimisation of training
Referred to as physiological age
101
What is periodisation?
| Optimisation of training
The process of dividing the annual training plan into a series of manageable phases
102
What are the different types of cycles in a periodisation programme?
How long do they typically last?
(Optimisation of training)
Macrocycle (1 year)
Mesocycle (monthly)
Microcycle (weekly)
103
Learn how to draw process of training, adaptation then if don’t keep training back to baseline
(Optimisation of training)
Lecture 13
104
How long are the residual training effects of aerobic endurance training?
(Optimisation of training)
Around 30 days
105
How long are the residual training effects of maximal strength training?
(Optimisation of training)
Around 30 days
106
How long are the residual training effects of anaerobic endurance training?
(Optimisation of training)
Around 18 days
107
How long are the residual training effects of strength endurance training?
(Optimisation of training)
Around 13 days
108
How long are the residual training effects of maximal speed training?
(Optimisation of training)
Around 5 days
109
Definition of tapering
| Optimisation of training
Prior to competition either the volume or intensity (but not both) of exercise is reduced
110
What factors affect the tapering process (how long etc)
| Optimisation of training
Athletes level
| Gender
111
What is element of training can show us an athletes progression across a training programme
(Optimisation of training)
Testing and monitoring
112
How often does monitoring occur?
| Optimisation of training
Day-to-day
113
What testing/monitoring types are there?
| Optimisation of training
Can monitor internal (HR)/ external (training programme) / subjective (RPE)/ objective (HR)
114
Look at table of internal, external, subjective, objective
| Optimisation of training
Lecture 13 page 8/9
115
Why has Strength and conditioning become an important aspect of rehabilitation?
(Rehab BFR)
Need for retraining following injury
Need for a differential approach due to difficulties recovering athletic performance to pre-injury levels
To support speed and safety to enable a quality rehabilitation
116
What reasons might we use blood flow restriction?
| Rehab BFR
Get bigger levels of hypertrophy
117
What are the potential risks of BFR?
| Rehab BFR
Reducing blood flow to the limb for an extended period of time, can induce cell death and atrophy
118
Traditional route for rehab
| Rehab BFR
Injury -> physical therapist -> athletic trainer -> S&C in order to return to sport
119
What is the initial focus of post injury rehab?
| Rehab BFR
Alleviation of disfunction, enhancement of tissue healing, and provision of a systematic progression of flexibility, range of motion and strength
120
What specific programme parameters (amongst others) must be carefully considered and targeted during a rehab programme?
(Rehab BFR)
Strength, power, endurance and hypertrophy
121
Why might BFR help with load manipulation?
| Rehab BFR
Helps someone get the same response (of a higher load) with a lower load
122
Using BFR so that you don’t have to use high loads is beneficial for who?
(Rehab BFR)
Injured/elderly
123
What are the phases of rehab?
| Rehab BFR
Phase I - immediate rehabilitation
Phase II - intermediate rehabilitation
Phase III - advanced rehabilitation
Phase IV - return to function
124
Describe Phase I - immediate rehabilitation phase of rehab
| Rehab BFR
Primary goals are protection of the integrity of involved tissue, restoration of range-of-motion, diminishment of pain and inflammation, and prevention of muscular inhibition
125
What are the criteria of moving from Phase I to Phase II
| Rehab BFR
Minimal pain with all Phase I exercises
ROM >75% of non-involved side
Proper muscle firing patterns for initial exercises
126
Describe Phase II - intermediate rehabilitation
| Rehab BFR
Continued protection of involved tissues or structures and restoration of function of the involved body part of region
127
Criteria for moving from Phase II to Phase III
| Rehab BFR
Close to full ROM/muscle length/joint play
| 60% strength of primary involved musculature when compared to the uninjured side
128
Describe Phase III - advanced rehabilitation
| Rehab BFR
Restoration of muscular endurance and strength, cardiovascular endurance and neuromuscular control/balance/proprioception
129
Criteria for moving from Phase III to Phase IV
| Rehab BFR
Strength > 70-80% of non-involved side and demonstration of initial agility drills with proper form
130
Describe Phase IV - Return to function
| Rehab BFR
Characterised by activities that focus on returning the athlete to full function
The primary goals to be addressed during this phase are successful return to previous functional levels
131
What are the three main reasons of a hamstring pull?
| Rehab BFR
Lack of strength - weak
Improper positioning - might kick wrong
Poor work capacity - tired
132
5 main goals of rehab
| Rehab BFR
Regain function
Regain strength and power
Regain speed in a closed environment
Perform speed in an open environment
Perform under fatigue
133
During rehab, ACSM guidelines suggest what?
| Rehab BFR
Athletes should have at least 24-48hr rest between sessions
134
Training load is usually determined with what?
| Rehab BFR
1RM testing
| Obviously can’t do this with an injured athlete
135
What is a technique you could use to assess 1RM in injured athletes
(Rehab BFR)
The DeLorme technique
Daily Adjusted Progressive Resistance Exercise (DAPRE) technique
OMNI-RES
Oddvar Holden method
136
How does BFR training work?
| Rehab BFR
Decreasing blood flow to a muscle by application of a wrapping device
137
The metabolic environment during BFR and low load exercises matches what?
(Rehab BFR)
That seen during heavy load exercise
138
BFR when applied alone to the limbs has been shown to what?
| Rehab BFR
Attenuate muscle atrophy (muscle wastage after exercise)
139
When BFR is combined with low intensity exercise what happens?
(Rehab BFR)
Resulted in an increase in both muscle size and strength across different age groups
140
What is a key clinical application of blood flow restriction?
(Rehab BFR)
Can reap benefits of high load exercise with lower loads
141
During BFR, it is thought that accumulation of metabolites may also facilitate the increase of what?
(Rehab BFR)
Growth hormone
142
What is ischaemic preconditioning (IPC)?
| Rehab BFR
Same principles of BFR just applied in a slightly different way (occlude blood flow for extended periods of time)
(Example slide 19, lecture 14)
143
Example of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC)
| Rehab BFR
3-4 brief periods of 3-5min intervals of complete blood flow restriction, intermittent by equal periods of reperfusion
144
IPC is clinically shown to protect tissues against what?
| Rehab BFR
Subsequent ischaemic damage
145
Preconditioning or prehabilitation aims to do what?
| Rehab BFR
Increase muscle strength prior to surgery, which is believed to substantially attenuate the deterioration of muscle function in the aftermath
146
Evidence for prehabilitation
| Rehab BFR
Slide 22, lecture 14
147
Using an IPC protocol exposes the muscle to what?
| Rehab BFR
Short bouts of ischaemia before prolonged ischaemia, which can reduce gross muscle damage and increase cell survival
148
Read zargi et al (2018) paper and answer questions on that paper
(Rehab BFR)
Slide 23/24, lecture 14
149
Recap questions
| Rehab BFR
Slide 25, lecture 14
150
Which two are signs of inflammation?
Coughing
Heat
Oedema
(EIMD & Hypertrophy)
Heat
| Oedema
151
What is oedema?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Swelling
152
What are the three main stimuli that initiate an inflammatory response?
Injury, smoking, cell damage/death
Injury, infection, cell damage/death
Injury, infection, heat
Infection, cell damage/death, oedema
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Injury, infection, cell damage/death
153
The chemical messenger released by damaged cells are known as
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Histamines
Cytokines
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Cytokines
154
EIMD can typically last
2 hours
24-48 hours
1-7 days
Up to 1 month
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
1-7 days
155
Which of the following are symptoms of EIMD
```
Reduction in strength
Increase in perceived soreness
Swelling
Increased range of movement
A, B, C
All of the above
```
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
A, B, C
156
After exercise what are the main immune cells that infiltrate damaged muscles?
T-cells
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
B-cells
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Neutrophils
157
In EIMD, which immune cells switch from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory
Neutrophils
Easonophils
Mast cells
Macrophages
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Macrophages
158
How long EIMD lasts depends on what?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Depends on type of exercise done and how novel that exercise is
159
What is metabolic exercise?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Prolonged, predominantly concentric exercise (cycling), damage will be done due to the high metabolic stress
160
What is mechanical exercise?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Eccentric exercise (resistance exercise)
161
Are activities predominantly metabolic or mechanical?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
In reality lots of activities are a combination of both
162
Eccentric muscle actions tend to elicit what? Compare to isometric and concentric muscle actions?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Greater muscle force
Long muscle length
Lower metabolic cost
163
What is it called when few actin and myosin molecules overlap?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
High mechanical strain per fibre
164
What is Z disc streaming?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
It is where intermediate filaments have become broken in the muscle
165
Z disc streaming can lead to what?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Damage in sarcolemma (membrane surrounding muscle)
Damage to sarcoplasmic reticulum (contains Ca2+ and releases it for actin & myosin cross bridge cycling getting it back into cell)
166
Ca2+ must be contained within really tight what within the muscle?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Boundaries
167
If Ca2+ becomes too high in the muscle what can it lead to?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Cell damage and death
168
If damage in muscle, sarcoplasmic reticulum can’t take back up the calcium or calcium leaks out, which leads to what?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Damage to cell (cell dysfunction and death)
169
Why is it called “Loss of Ca2+ homeostasis” on the diagram?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Can’t maintain the calcium within the right boundaries any longer
170
Inflammation leads to the release/activation of what into/in the muscle?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Neutrophils and monocytes (from bloodstream)
| Macrophages (reside in muscle, activated in response to damage process)
171
An increase in proteases Professes (such as Calpane?) leads to what?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Increased protein breakdown and further damage
172
Damage occurs to all aspects of the muscle, such as:
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
```
Membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules
Actin & Myosin
Intermediate filaments
Z discs
```
173
What do reactive oxygen species do?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Steal electrons from healthy atoms
174
Reactive oxygen species & proteases lead to what in the muscle?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Further damage
175
What did Jackman et al (2018) show about muscle damage and resistance exercise
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Impaired performance & muscle damage and inflammation evident up to 96 hours after
176
Why is inflammation needed?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
For remodelling and regeneration
177
What do satellite cells do?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Add myonuclei to muscle fibres
178
Slide 14, lecture 15
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Nice summary slide
179
What is hypertrophy?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Increase in cross sectional area of fibre
180
When someone gets bigger is it more likely to be due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Hypertrophy
181
What are stem cells?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Precursor cells located under the basal laminate and function in muscle growth and regeneration
182
What does evidence show about hypertrophy and satellite cells
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Some evidence shows that muscle fibre hypertrophy can actually occur in the absence of stem cells
183
What must be present for hypertrophy?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Must have a positive net protein balance
184
Following resistance exercise, increase in muscle protein breakdown, what can be done to offset this?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Eat protein to offset this
185
What is the only way you can get more myonuclei?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Through satellite cell activation
186
If you want >26% (debate on this number) hypertrophy, what do you need?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
New myonuclei and thus stem cell activation
187
Why may EIMD lead to hypertrophy?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Muscle damage results in inflammation, oxidative stress and SC activation
Greater rates of MPS at start of RT programme
188
Studies throughout lecture 15
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Help reinforce message
189
What effect can anti-inflammatory drugs have on hypertrophy?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
Can reduce inflammation and thus reduce hypertrophy
190
Mechanical stress involving eccentric contractions will lead to what?
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
The process of EIMD
191
EIMD results in what?
| EIMD and Hypertrophy
The breakdown of muscle structures, inflammation, oxidative stress, reductions in muscle function and soreness
192
It is agreed that hypertrophy is the result of “X” but the jury is still out on the role of “X”
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Net positive protein balance
Stem cells
193
EIMD will increase “X” and “X” content but it is not known if damage is required for “X”
(EIMD and Hypertrophy)
Muscle protein synthesis
Stem cell
Hypertrophy
