Lectures 21-31

Question 1

Batemans principle

Answer 1

greater variance in reproductive success among males than females

Question 2

anisogamy

Answer 2

the production of discrete types of gametes of different size with small, mobile male gametes (sperm) fertilizing large, nurturing female gametes (eggs).

Question 3

polygamy

Answer 3

difference in investment between the two sexes

Question 4

heterogamy

Answer 4

Heterogamy refers to a reproductive system where two morphologically distinct gametes are produced (basically anisogamy but less specific term)

Question 5

Reinforcement

Answer 5

selection for premating or prezygotic isolation because hybrids have reduced fitness

fitness cost from lost mating opportunities =/balanced with fitness gained in offspring viability

Question 6

good gene process

Answer 6

mating benefits the genetic quality of the females offspring (genetically superior mates produce good offspring)

relies on handicap (only strong males can survive despite the handicap)

Question 7

allopatric speciation

Answer 7

populations are in separate non-overlapping geographic areas (spatial and physical)

Question 8

ecological speciation

Answer 8

different environments or ecological niches drive the formation of new species. It’s all about adaptation to different habitats or resources, even if the populations live in the same general area.

Question 9

parapatric speciation

Answer 9

when populations are adjacent to each other (not fully separated) but still experience different selective pressures across a geographic gradient.

Question 10

polyploidy

Answer 10

duplications of chromosomes

can lead to extremely rapid speciation

Question 11

frequency dependent selection

Answer 11

when the fitness of an individual depends on the relative frequency of other phenotypes in the population

Question 12

Red Queen effect

Answer 12

arms race

Question 13

syngamy

Answer 13

fusion of two gametes

Question 14

mullers ratchet

Answer 14

asexual populations can only ever evolve towards ever greater loads of deleterious mutations

sex breaks the ratchet

Question 15

male reproductive success depends on..

Answer 15

number of mattings he obtains (greater variance)

Question 16

female reproductive success depends on…

Answer 16

number of eggs she produces

Question 17

parthenogenesis

Answer 17

organisms develop from unfertilized eggs

Question 18

hermaphroditism

Answer 18

organisms possess both male and female parts or go through a change of sex at some point

Question 19

protogynous

Answer 19

female first (ie. California sheephead)

Question 20

protandrous

Answer 20

male first (ie. clown fish)

Question 21

haplodiploidy

Answer 21

haploid males develop from an unfertilized egg (only mom (1/2))

diploid females develop from fertilized eggs

Question 22

environmental sex determination

Answer 22

early development environment determines sex

Question 23

intrasexual selection

Answer 23

male-male comp

Question 24

intersexual selection

Answer 24

female choice of male

Question 25

arbitrary choice process

Answer 25

Females that mate with preferred males produce sons that will have high mating success can lead to genetic correlation between trait genes and preference genes can cause runaway (male trait progresses to a point where it decreases fitness)

Question 26

polygyny

Answer 26

males mate with multiple females

Question 27

polyandry

Answer 27

females mate with multiple males

Question 28

sexual conflict

Answer 28

sexually antagonistic coevolution

Question 29

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 29

smallest possible group descending from a common ancestor and recognizable by unique derived traits

Question 30

general lineage species concept

Answer 30

species are metapopulations that exchange alleles frequently enough to comprise the same gene pool

Question 31

speciation requires

Answer 31

disruption of gene flow and the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

Question 32

sympatric speciation

Answer 32

reproductive isolation evolves without geographic restriction to gene flow requires non random mating (selection)

Question 33

ecological speciation

Answer 33

evolution of reproductive barriers due to adaptation to divergent environments

Question 34

bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities

Answer 34

arise from negative interactions at two or more loci populations accumulate allelic differences at two or more loci, that cause genetic incompatibilities when combined in hybrids

Question 35

adaptive radiation

Answer 35

the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage differentiation of a single ancestor into an array of species that inhabit a variety of environments that differ in traits ecological opportunity acquisition of novel adaptive traits competitive interactions among closely related taxa parallel evolution rapid phenotypic divesification

Question 36

auto polyploidy

Answer 36

duplication of the chromosomes of a single species

Question 37

allopolyploidy

Answer 37

duplication of a combination of chromosomes from different species

Question 38

coevolution

Answer 38

two or more species exert selective pressures on each other and evolve in response to each other *selective environment is constantly changing* can be positive or negative interactions predators & prey, Parasites & hosts, mutualists, competitors can have hot and cold spots outcomes depend on selection, genetic drift and gene flow)

Question 39

four types of social behavior

Answer 39

mutual, selfishness, altruism, spite

Question 40

evolutionary stable strategy

Answer 40

a behaviour that when adopted by the majority of the population cannot be invaded by another strategy

Question 41

positive frequency dependent selection

Answer 41

majority advantage

Question 42

negative frequency dependent selection

Answer 42

minority advantage promotes genotypic and phenotypic diversity

Question 43

indirect fitness

Answer 43

reproductive success of genetic relatives facilitated by an individuals actions

Question 44

kin selection

Answer 44

selection arising from the indirect benefits of helping relatives