Lectures 4/5 8/29/23

Question 1

What is the role of ligaments?

Answer 1

attach bone to bone

Question 2

What is the role of tendons?

Answer 2

attach muscle to bone

Question 3

What is the other name for extra-capsular ligaments?

Answer 3

collateral ligaments

Question 4

What are the characteristics of collateral ligaments?

Answer 4

-thickenings of the synovial joint capsule
-found on joints that only move in some directions
-found on medial and lateral sides

Question 5

Which joints DO NOT have collateral ligaments?

Answer 5

ball and socket joints like the humeral and coxal joints

Question 6

Which joints are intra-capsular ligaments found in?

Answer 6

-carpus
-tarsus
-coxal
-genual

Question 7

What are the two parts of every muscle?

Answer 7

-belly/head
-attachments

Question 8

What are the characteristics of the muscle belly?

Answer 8

-active
-actual muscle
-a muscle can have multiple bellies/heads
-contract/shorten when activated
-relax back into regular shape

Question 9

What are the characteristics of muscle attachments?

Answer 9

-passive
-connective tissues

Question 10

What is the endomysium?

Answer 10

connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle cell

Question 11

What is the perimysium?

Answer 11

connective tissue that surrounds multiple muscle cells/creates bundles

Question 12

What is the epimysium?

Answer 12

connective tissue around the entire muscle

Question 13

What is the relationship between epimysium and tendons?

Answer 13

tendons are an extension of the epimysium

Question 14

What are the types of connections between muscles and bones?

Answer 14

-tendons
-aponeuroses
-fleshy attachments

Question 15

What are the characteristics of tendons?

Answer 15

-chords of connective tissue
-attach to bones at one bony prominence

Question 16

What are the characteristics of aponeuroses?

Answer 16

-flat, sheet-like tendons
-attach to bone along a longer ridge/surface

Question 17

What are the characteristics of fleshy attachments?

Answer 17

muscle tissue sits right on bone
-can only be viewed microscopically

Question 18

What are the two types of muscle attachments?

Answer 18

-origin/proximal attachment
-insertion/distal attachment

Question 19

What is extension?

Answer 19

movement that makes the extensor angle smaller

Question 20

What is flexion?

Answer 20

movement that makes the flexor angle smaller

Question 21

What is abduction?

Answer 21

movement that moves limb away from main body mass

Question 22

What is adduction?

Answer 22

movement that moves limb towards main body mass

Question 23

What is rotation?

Answer 23

movement around the axis of a limb

Question 24

What are the two types of rotation?

Answer 24

-supination
-pronation

Question 25

What is supination?

Answer 25

movement of the palm towards median plane and dorsal

Question 26

What is pronation?

Answer 26

movement of the palm towards the median plane and ventral

Question 27

What is circumduction?

Answer 27

movement in a circle

Question 28

What is a synergist/agonist?

Answer 28

a muscle that does the same action as a chosen "prime mover"

Question 29

What is an antagonist?

Answer 29

a muscle that does the opposite action as a chosen "prime mover"

Question 30

What is a fixator?

Answer 30

actively contracting antagonist

Question 31

What is the role of a fixator?

Answer 31

to allow one joint to move while keeping another immobile when the prime mover has potential to move both

Question 32

How do you determine how a muscle will act on a limb?

Answer 32

-when a muscle and an angle share the same side, that muscle will perform that action -ex: muscle on the same side as extensor angle will extend limb; muscle on medial side of limb will adduct limb, etc.

Question 33

What is a retinaculum?

Answer 33

covering over a tendon that keeps it in place

Question 34

What is a bursa?

Answer 34

a fluid-filled packet that provides cushion between tendon and bone

Question 35

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 35

a bursa-like structure wrapped around a tendon that protects it over a distance

Question 36

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 36

bone embedded in a tendon that protects tendon from joints/bony prominences