Lectures 6-8: Emerging Diseases

Question 1

What is the cause of the EID events from 1840-1900?

Answer 1

most are due to bacterial pathogens

Question 2

In what ways do wildlife contribute to emerging diseases?

Answer 2

we eat them, keep them as pets, petting zoos, rehabilitation, habitat destruction, going on safari, ecotourism

Question 3

List five major contributing factors to the emergence of disease discussed in class.

Answer 3

Potential answers: Human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, breakdown in public health measures, human susceptibility to infection, climate and weather, changing ecosystems, poverty and social inequality, war and famine, lack of political will, and intent to harm

Question 4

What country is expected to have the five of the world’s ten largest countries by 2100?

Answer 4

Africa

Question 5

Currently, where is the highest concentration of people (continent(s))?

Answer 5

North and Central america

Question 6

What is the population increase of North America?

Answer 6

0%

Question 7

What does the growing global population highlight?

Answer 7

the need for family planning resources, healthcare workers, and better access to healthcare

Question 8

What is the current life expectancy?

Answer 8

72.2 years

Question 9

More developed countries have a _____ life expectancy, but are having ____ children.

Answer 9

Greater, less

Question 10

What sex lives longer?

Answer 10

females

Question 11

What drives up the life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa?

Answer 11

middle classes

Question 12

What is the cause for shortening all life expectancy?

Answer 12

the opioid crisis

Question 13

What population of Americans are living longer?

Answer 13

African-Americans

Question 14

What country has the highest fertility rate?

Answer 14

Niger - 7 children

Question 15

What is the fertility rate like now as compared to years before?

Answer 15

it is lower

Question 16

What are some potential effects of world population growth?

Answer 16

overcrowding, decreased healthy water supply, food supply (maybe), increase in agriculture (big water user), slums due to moving to cities, pollution

Question 17

_______ kills 3x as many as AIDS, TB, and malaria combined.

Answer 17

pollution

Question 18

As more people are likely to leave rural populations, what will happen to healthcare in those rural populations?

Answer 18

you are more likely to lose your family doctors

Question 19

As income per person rises, ___ of the country rises.

Answer 19

GDP

Question 20

How will our ability to prevent and control infectious diseases be affected as population increases?

Answer 20

it will become more strained

Question 21

The water demand is expected to increase by ___ percent by 2050.

Answer 21

55

Question 22

The energy demand is expected to increase by ___ percent by 2035.

Answer 22

33

Question 23

In what ways do violence/conflict impact public health and how do they contribute to emerging diseases?

Answer 23

Collapse of infrastructure will cause decreased access to health services and increased transmission of infectious agents

Environmental destruction will lead to failed crops, then malnutrition, and then increased vulnerability to disease

Poor shelter/overcrowding/ exposure causes human rights violations (mental health problems, injuries, sexual violence)

Question 24

What population is often ‘forgotten’ in violent ridden environments?

Answer 24

pregnant females

Question 25

What are the two diseases most known to increase with dam building?

Answer 25

malaria and shistosomiasis

Question 26

What does the demographic transition model state?

Answer 26

It states that the population will eventually stop growing when the country transitions from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.

Question 27

How did the United States get Aedes albopictus?

Answer 27

From tires on a ship from Japan

Question 28

What is the reservoir for SARS?

Answer 28

the Chinese horseshoe bat

Question 29

What animal is suspected to have caused the SARS outbreak from the live animal market?

Answer 29

the masked palm civet

Question 30

What was the economic impact of the SARS outbreak?

Answer 30

~30 billion losses - travel restrictions, cancellations, and quarantines

Question 31

What animals were found infected with SARS?

Answer 31

domestic dogs and cats, raccoon dogs, bats, palm civets, badgers, snakes, wild pigs, macaques, ferrets, and hog badgers

Question 32

What type of virus causes MERS and SARS?

Answer 32

coronavirus

Question 33

What does MERS stand for?

Answer 33

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome

Question 34

What is the animal source for MERS infection in people?

Answer 34

camels

Question 35

What are the most common ways that people become infected with MERS?

Answer 35

Camel saliva, droplets, and nasal secretions

Question 36

What are the risks of exposure for a person to acquire MERS?

Answer 36

hospital, close contact

Question 37

What are the high risk populations for MERS?

Answer 37

those that are in close contact with dromedary camels and healthcare workers tending patients

Question 38

How does land use/abuse contribute to emerging diseases?

Answer 38

Increase in agriculture can cause in increase in exposure to arthropods or other infectious agents Ex. Lyme disease

Question 39

what factors contribute to microbial adaptation?

Answer 39

interspecies transmission, mutations in disease, and resistance

Question 40

What human actions lead to resistance of microbial adaptation?

Answer 40

not finishing the treatment, treating viral infections with antibiotics, no culturing for sensitivity, prescribing for meds for too long

Question 41

What factors have allowed for the nCoV-2019 to emerge?

Answer 41

not symptomatic immediately, poor information about the virus, lack of immediate reporting

Question 42

What can prevent something like the spread of nCoV-2019 happening again?

Answer 42

inform immediately, work with WHO, properly cook food, use proper sanitation