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EPHE 355 > Leg, Ankle, Foot > Flashcards

Leg, Ankle, Foot Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

how many bones in teh foot

A

26

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2
Q

how much for body weight does tibia bear

A

90%

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3
Q

fibula bears how much body weight

A

10%

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4
Q

which side of Talocrural joint how more bony support and which has more ligamentous support

A 
lateral = bony 
medial = ligementous
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5
Q

what bones made the rear foot

A

calcaneus, talus

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6
Q

what bones make the mid foot

A

tarsals: cuboid, cuneiforms (3), navicular

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7
Q

what bones Make the forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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8
Q

what bones made the lateral longitudinal arch

A

teh calcaneus, talus, cuboid,, 4th and 5th metatarsals

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9
Q

what bones makes the medial longitudinal arch

A

the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals

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10
Q

where is teh transverse arch (proximal)

A

medio - lateral under cuboid and cunieforms

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11
Q

where is the distal transverse arch

A

medio-lateral under the middle of the metatarsals

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12
Q

three main parts of talus and do muscles attach?

A

no muscles attached

head, neck, body

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13
Q

what does the talus articulate with (3 articular surfaces of talus)

A

inferiorly: three facets of calcaneus
anteriorly: navicular
medial and lateral: medial and lateral malleoli of tib / fib

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14
Q

function of talus for force transmission

A

translate horizontal to vertical and vertical to horizontal

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15
Q

how to palpate talar dome

A

just distal to tip/fib articulation

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16
Q

what is the sinus tarsi

A

tunnel between talus and calcaneus bones

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17
Q

what structures run through the groove in the posterior/medial aspect of the talus ?

A 
Tom Dick And Harry 
Tibialis posterior 
Flexor digitorum 
Artery, Nerve (tibial)
Flexor Hallucis Longus
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18
Q

what structure is located on bottom of calcaneus for shock absorption

A

fat pad

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19
Q

which cuneiform articular which which metatarsals

A

lateral - 3rd
intermediate - 2nd
medial - 1st

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20
Q

what bone do cuneiforms sit on top of

A

navicular

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21
Q

what muscle passes through groove in inferior aspect of teh cuboid, what does this muscle do

A

Peroneus Longus, make a right turn and supports transverse arch

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22
Q

what does the cuboid articulate with

A

posterior: calcaneus
medially: lateral cuneiform
anteriorly: fourth and fifth metatarsals

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23
Q

which metatarsal has the least mobility

A

2nd

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24
Q

what inserts on the tuberosity at the base of teh 5th metatarsal and what is it called when this is broken off and how does that happen

A

peroneal brevis
jones fracture
ankel sprain is the cause

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25
what is the function of the concave shape of the shafts of teh metatarsals
increased load absorption
26
what is the function of the sesamoid bones on teh posterior surface of teh 1st metatarsal ahead
increase moment arms for the flexor Hallucis Brevis | provide a guide for the the tendon of the flexor Hallucis Longus
27
how many phalanges in each toe
1st: 2 | 2-5: 3
28
what motion occurs at the Talocrural joint
plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
29
what motion occurs at the subtalar joint
inversion/eversion (internal and external rotation)
30
what motions create pronation in OKC
dorsiflexion, abduction, eversion
31
what motions create supination in OKC
plantarfelxion, adduction, inversion
32
what motion create supination in CKC
dorsiflexion, abduction, inversion
33
what motion create pronation in CKC
plantar flexion, adduction, eversion
34
ROM for plantar and dorsi flexion
plantar - 50 | dorsi - 20-30
35
closed packed position of the proximal tibiofibular joint
full dorsi flexion
36
what type of joint is the promixal tibofibular joint
synovial
37
what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint
syndesmotic
38
what occurs at the distal tibiofibular joint when dorsiflexion occurs
joint widens to accommodate talus
39
soft tissues associated with proximal tibiofibular
biceps femoris popliteus lateral collateral tibiofibular
40
ligament associated with distal tibiofibular
Interosseus membrane and ligament, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
41
direction of axis and type of joint: talocrucual
oblique hinge through saggital and frontal planes | axis runs through malleoli: medial is more anterior than lateral
42
closed packed position of Talocrural joint
full dorsiflexion
43
Talocrural ligaments
``` tibiofibular lateral collateral anterior Talofibular (over sinus tari to talus neck) calcaneofibular posterior Talofibular medial collateral ```
44
medial collateral ligament --> main name what are the four parts of it what structures to they run between
Deltoid lig. anterior tibiotalor: Medial malleolus to anteriomedial talus tibiocalcaneal: medial malleolus to sustaculum tali tibionavicular: medial malleolus to navicular posterior tibiotalar: medial malleuolus to posteriomedial talus
45
how many DOF of subtalar joint what direction is the axis
one DOF | almsot pure AP, but fun from calcaneus to 1st metatarsal
46
ROM of inversion/eversion
inversion: 20 eversion: 30
47
motion at the subtalar joint inferences ability of teh mid food and forefoot to be either:
mobile or rigid
48
passive stability of the subtalar joint is from
2 capsules interosseous ligament cervical ligaments
49
what is important about the cervical ligament
it is a proprioceptive centre
50
what is the transverse tarsal joint
collective mid tarsal joints between teh talus and calcaneus and the navicular cuboid
51
what is the function of the transverse tarsal joint
effects movement of the forefoot and hind foot unlocks foot to lower longitudinal arch during pronation and locks to lift during supination
52
at what joint within the midtarsal joint does most of the mid tarsal joint movement occur
at the Talonavicular joint | almost like a ball and socket joint
53
is there much movement at the Calcaneocuboid joint?
no
54
how many axis of motion at the transverse tarsal joint? what are they?
2 longitudinal (inversion/eversion) oblique (DF + abdn/ PF+addn)
55
how are these axis positioned compared to one another in supination and in pronation? when are they most mobile? when are they locked?
parallel when in pronation = mobile | crossed when in supination = locking
56
closed packed position of transverse tarsal joint
full supination
57
what is the Calcaneocuboid joint supported by ligament wise
the short and long plantar ligaments
58
what is the Talonavicular joint supported by ligament wise
"spring ligament" plantar calcaneonavicular
59
which metatarsals are the most mobile
4th and 5th
60
what is a ray in the foot
refers to the cuneiform, metatarsal and respective phalanges
61
which ray with teh central reference for the foot
the 2nd ray
62
what is the function of the transverse metatarsal ligaments and where it is location
provide stability and restrict motion between the metatarsals located at the metatarsal phalangeal joints
63
what kind of movements occur at the inter tarsal joints
planter and dorsal glides
64
movements and type of joint at metatarsal phalangeal joint
synovial biaxial flex ex ad/ab
65
what is minimum extension needed at MTP joints for Normal walking
65 degrees
66
interphalangeal joints: what type, what movement
synovial | only flex/ex
67
what ligaments support IP joints
collateral ligaments
68
close packed position of IP joints
full extension
69
superficial posterior muscles of the lower leg | what is the group name of these muscles
gastroc soleus plantaris triceps surae
70
what percent of torque in plantar flexion comes from triceps surae
80%
71
deep posterior muscles group of the lower leg
posterior tibialis flexor digitorum longus flexor Hallucis Longus
72
what goes through the tarsal tunnel and what is the tarsal tunnel covered by
flexor retinaculum | posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis Longus, tibial nerve and artery
73
lateral lower leg muscles
Peroneus Longus | Peroneus brevis
74
which of the lateral lower leg muscles in stronger and what structure in teh foot does it support
Peroneus Longus | transverse arch
75
where does the Peroneus Longus travel and insert
passes behind lateral malleolus, through groove on cuboid and insert onto base of 1st metatarsal
76
where does Peroneus Brevis insert
base of fifth metatarsal
77
function of lateral lower leg muscles
foot eversion stabilize arches stabilize first ray against ground and facilitate transfer of body weight from lateral aspect to medial aspect of the foot
78
what innervates the lateral lower leg muscles
peroneal nerve
79
anterior lower leg muscles and functions
``` tibialis anterior (dorsiflex ankle, control pronation) extensor Hallucis Longus (extend toes, exert ankle) extensor digitorum longus (etend toes) ```
80
intrinsics muscles of the foot - organization
four layers on plantar surface layers 1 and 2 on calcaneus layers 3 and 4 on metatarsals two muscles on dorsal side
81
function of intrinsic muscles of the foot
stability and balance supporters of transverse arch support medial and longitudinal arch
82
main role of abductor Hallucis
support longitudinal arch
83
1st layer of of plantar foot consists of and originates at
O: Calcaneal tuberosity Made of: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis, abduction hallucis immediately deep to plantar fascia
84
2nd layer of plantar foot originated where and is made of
O: calcaneal tuberosity made of: Quadratus Plantae and lumbircals pedis, tendon of flexor Hallucis Longus, tendon of flexor digitorum Longus, lumbricals
85
3rd layer of foot originates from and made of
O: metatarsal shafts | Made of: flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis
86
4th layer of foot originates from and is Made of
O: metatarsal shafts | made of: plantar interossei (3) and Dorsal interossei (4), tendon for Peroneus Longus and tibialis posterior
87
in CKC pronation what bone is moving on that bone
talus moves on calcaneus
88
function of arches of the foot
allow foot to adapt to the ground, absorb forces, provide weight bearing surface, assist pronation and supination
89
weight distribution among calcaneus and metatarsal heads in the foot
50/50
90
what parts of the foot experience the most force during gait
heel and great toe
91
what is the windlass mechanism
extension occurs in the metatarphalalngea joint before before toe off. this pulls the plantar fascia and pulls the calcaneus and the metatarsal heads together. this heights the longitudinal arch, forces flexion position and creates a soldi structural support. intrinsic muscles actively contract to provide further stability.
92
what is pes planus
rigid or inflexible foot no arch at all cause increased medial rotation increases stress on muscles that control pronation with pronation, the tibia rotates medially, causing knee flexion and valgus positioning results in femoral adduction and medial rotation with resultant hip flexion
93
what is pes cavus
high medial longitudinal arch rigid foot - poor shock absorber forces not transmitted proximally associated with lateral lower extremity rotation, varus knee - extended knees, abducted and laterally rotated thighs and extended hips
94
what is hammer toe
affects the PIP muscular imbalance causing tightening of passive structures arthritis, pes cavus
95
what is hallux rigidis
contact burning, throbbing or aching tenderness over MTP limited flex/ex of great toe due to osteoarthritis; foot abnormality, unusually long 1st MTP, forefoot pronation, trauma

EPHE 355 (5 decks)

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