Leishmaniasis Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What is leishmaniasis caused by?
A
An obligate, intracellular, Protista parasite in the kinetoplastid group
The specific protozoa responsible for leishmaniasis is Leishmania.
2
Q
How is leishmaniasis transmitted?
A
By sandflies infected with the protozoa Leishmania
Sandflies are the primary vectors for the transmission of this disease.
3
Q
In how many countries is leishmaniasis endemic?
A
More than 70 countries worldwide
It is a significant public health issue in these regions.
4
Q
How many people are estimated to be affected by leishmaniasis?
A
Approximately 12 million people
This number reflects the global impact of the disease.
5
Q
What factors influence the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis?
A
The species of Leishmania, geographical area, and host’s immune response
These factors determine how the infection presents clinically.
6
Q
When do the vector sandflies that transmit leishmaniasis typically activate?
A
In winter and spring
This seasonal activity can affect the transmission rates of the disease.
7
Q
What are the clinical forms of leishmaniasis?
A
Visceral and mixed
The clinical forms vary based on the species and host factors.
8
Q
Fill in the blank: Leishmaniasis is endemic in more than _______ countries worldwide.
A
70
This indicates the widespread nature of the disease.
9
Q
True or False: The clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis is the same regardless of the species of Leishmania.
A
False
The manifestation varies with the species and other factors.
10
Q
What is cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
A skin infection caused by the Leishmania parasite, typically transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
11
Q
Where does cutaneous leishmaniasis typically occur?
A
At the site of inoculation, where the parasite enters the skin.
12
Q
True or False: Cutaneous leishmaniasis can occur anywhere on the body.
A
False, it typically occurs at the site of inoculation.
13
Q
What are the common symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
Symptoms include skin lesions, ulcers, and nodules at the infection site.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis is __________.
A
Leishmania parasite.
15
Q
What is the primary vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
The sandfly.
16
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cutaneous leishmaniasis? A) Itching B) Fever C) Skin ulcer D) Nausea
A
D) Nausea
17
Q
What factors influence the prognosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
Factors include the species of Leishmania, the host’s immune response, and the presence of co-infections.
18
Q
True or False: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is self-limiting in most cases.
A
True, although treatment may be necessary in some cases.
19
Q
What is a common treatment option for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
Antimicrobial agents such as pentavalent antimonials.
20
Q
Fill in the blank: The lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis may take __________ to heal without treatment.
A
months to years.
21
Q
What is the importance of early diagnosis in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
A
Early diagnosis can lead to timely treatment, reducing complications and improving prognosis.
22
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following regions is most affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis? A) North America B) Europe C) Middle East D) Antarctica
A
C) Middle East
23
Q
What is the typical appearance of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions?
A
They often appear as raised, red, and ulcerated skin lesions.
24
Q
True or False: Cutaneous leishmaniasis can result in significant scarring.
A
True.
25
What role does the immune response play in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
The immune response determines the severity and outcome of the infection.
26
Fill in the blank: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is often mistaken for __________.
other skin diseases or infections.
27
What is the typical incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis after sandfly bite?
Several weeks to months.
28
Multiple Choice: Which population is at higher risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis? A) Urban dwellers B) Agricultural workers C) Office workers D) Children in schools
B) Agricultural workers
29
What is the relationship between cutaneous leishmaniasis and HIV?
Individuals with HIV have a higher risk of severe forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
30
True or False: Cutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to visceral leishmaniasis.
False, they are caused by different forms of Leishmania.
31
What preventive measures can be taken against cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and reducing sandfly habitats.
32
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Secondary bacterial infection.
33
What is the significance of the Leishmania species involved in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Different species can lead to varying clinical presentations and responses to treatment.
34
What is the long-term prognosis for untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Lesions may eventually heal but can leave significant scarring.
35
What is the primary method of transmission for the parasite?
Through a blood meal.
36
Which types of immune cells uptake the parasite?
Macrophages and dendritic cells.
37
True or False: The parasite is transmitted via direct contact.
False.
38
Fill in the blank: The parasite is taken up by _____ and dendritic cells.
macrophages.
39
What role do macrophages play in the transmission of the parasite?
They uptake the parasite from the blood meal.
40
Which immune cells are known for processing and presenting antigens?
Dendritic cells.
41
Multiple Choice: What is the first step in the transmission of the parasite? A) Ingestion B) Blood meal C) Skin contact
B) Blood meal.
42
True or False: Dendritic cells can initiate the immune response after taking up the parasite.
True.
43
What is the significance of blood meals in the lifecycle of the parasite?
It is the method through which the parasite is transmitted and taken up by host cells.
44
Short Answer: Name one key immune cell involved in the uptake of the parasite.
Macrophage.
45
Fill in the blank: The parasite is transmitted when an organism takes a _____ meal.
blood.
46
Which immune cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of the parasite?
Macrophages.
47
True or False: The parasite can survive outside of host cells.
False.
48
What happens to the parasite once it is taken up by macrophages?
It is processed and can trigger an immune response.
49
Multiple Choice: What is a potential consequence of the parasite's uptake by dendritic cells? A) Enhanced immunity B) Reduced immunity C) No effect
A) Enhanced immunity.
50
Fill in the blank: The immune cells that uptake the parasite are part of the _____ system.
immune.
51
Short Answer: What type of cells are dendritic cells?
Antigen-presenting cells.
52
What is the primary function of macrophages in the context of parasite transmission?
To engulf and digest the parasite.
53
True or False: The transmission of the parasite does not involve any immune cells.
False.
54
Multiple Choice: Which immune response is activated by the uptake of the parasite? A) Innate B) Adaptive C) Both
C) Both.
55
Fill in the blank: Dendritic cells present antigens to _____ cells.
T.
56
What is the role of blood meals in the lifecycle of a parasite?
They provide a route for transmission and uptake by host immune cells.
57
Short Answer: Why is the uptake of the parasite by immune cells critical?
It initiates the immune response.
58
True or False: Macrophages and dendritic cells can both present antigens.
True.
59
Multiple Choice: Which immune cell is known for its role in both phagocytosis and antigen presentation? A) T cell B) B cell C) Macrophage
C) Macrophage.
60
Fill in the blank: The immune response involves _____ cells recognizing the parasite.
immune.
61
What type of cells are primarily responsible for initiating adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells.
62
True or False: The uptake of the parasite leads to a decreased immune response.
False.
63
Multiple Choice: What is a key function of macrophages in relation to pathogens? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis C) Hormone secretion
B) Phagocytosis.
64
Fill in the blank: The parasite must evade the _____ response to survive.
immune.
65
Short Answer: What is one way dendritic cells contribute to the immune system?
By presenting antigens to T cells.
66
True or False: Blood meals can serve as a transmission route for multiple types of parasites.
True.
67
What leads to the activation of the immune system upon parasite uptake?
The recognition of the parasite by immune cells.
68
Multiple Choice: Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the uptake of the parasite? A) Macrophage B) B cell C) Dendritic cell
B) B cell.
69
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the first line of defense against pathogens.
immune system.
70
Short Answer: What is the outcome of effective parasite uptake by immune cells?
The initiation of a robust immune response.
71
True or False: The transmission of the parasite is a passive process.
False.
72
Multiple Choice: Which immune cells are considered professional antigen presenters? A) Macrophages B) Dendritic cells C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B.
73
Fill in the blank: The immune cells that uptake the parasite are part of the _____ immune response.
innate.
74
What is mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a destructive form of leishmaniasis that primarily affects the mucous membranes.
75
True or False: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a mild form of leishmaniasis.
False
76
What are the common symptoms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Common symptoms include lesions on the mucous membranes, particularly in the nose and mouth.
77
Fill in the blank: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by the __________ parasite.
Leishmania
78
Which species of Leishmania is primarily responsible for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Leishmania braziliensis
79
True or False: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to severe disfigurement.
True
80
What is the primary mode of transmission for the Leishmania parasite?
The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of infected sandflies.
81
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? A) Nasal ulcers B) Hair loss C) Fever
C) Fever
82
What geographic regions are most affected by mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Regions in Central and South America are most affected.
83
True or False: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can occur as a secondary infection following cutaneous leishmaniasis.
True
84
What is the role of the immune system in the progression of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
A compromised immune system can lead to the progression of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
85
Fill in the blank: The diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is typically confirmed through __________ testing.
serological
86
Which treatment is commonly used for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Antimonial compounds are commonly used for treatment.
87
True or False: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is completely preventable with a vaccine.
False
88
What complications can arise from untreated mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Complications can include chronic nasal obstruction and secondary bacterial infections.
89
Multiple Choice: What is a potential psychosocial impact of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? A) Improved social status B) Increased stigma C) Better health awareness
B) Increased stigma
90
What is the incubation period for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
The incubation period can range from weeks to months after the initial sandfly bite.
91
Fill in the blank: The __________ system is often involved in the immune response to leishmaniasis.
T-cell
92
True or False: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is only found in tropical regions.
False
93
What is the main vector responsible for transmitting mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
The main vector is the sandfly.
94
What type of leishmaniasis is considered a precursor to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
95
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common method to prevent mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
Insect repellent
96
What is the role of early diagnosis in the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and to prevent complications.
97
True or False: Surgery is sometimes required to treat severe cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
True
98
What is the impact of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis on quality of life?
It can significantly reduce the quality of life due to physical and psychological effects.
99
What is the primary vector for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)?
The primary vector for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is the sandfly.
100
True or False: Wearing long sleeves and pants can help prevent CL transmission.
True.
101
Fill in the blank: Reducing __________ in and around homes can decrease the risk of CL.
breeding sites for sandflies
102
What environmental modification can help reduce sandfly populations?
Eliminating stagnant water sources.
103
Which insecticide is commonly used to treat areas where sandflies are prevalent?
Pyrethroids.
104
True or False: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is an effective measure against CL.
True.
105
What role do insect repellents play in CL prevention?
Insect repellents help protect individuals from sandfly bites.
106
Name one community-based approach to prevent CL transmission.
Community education and awareness programs.
107
What is the significance of using bed nets in CL prevention?
Bed nets provide a barrier to prevent sandfly bites during sleep.
108
Fill in the blank: __________ can be used to monitor sandfly populations.
Traps
109
True or False: CL can be transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals.
False.
110
What is one personal protective measure against sandflies?
Using insect repellent containing DEET.
111
What type of habitat modification can reduce sandfly exposure?
Clearing vegetation near homes.
112
True or False: Vaccination is currently available for CL prevention.
False.
113
What is the benefit of educating communities about CL?
It raises awareness about prevention measures and reduces transmission.
114
What time of day are sandflies most active?
Sandflies are most active during dusk and dawn.
115
Fill in the blank: Using __________ can help prevent sandfly bites while camping.
mosquito nets
116
What is the importance of monitoring CL cases in a region?
It helps identify outbreaks and implement timely prevention measures.
117
Name a method to protect livestock from sandflies.
Applying insecticides or repellents on animals.
118
True or False: Sandflies are only found in tropical regions.
False.
119
What is one way to reduce human-sandfly contact?
Staying indoors during peak sandfly activity hours.
120
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common symptom of CL, which can be confused with other skin lesions.
Skin ulcer
121
What is the role of local health authorities in CL prevention?
They can coordinate surveillance and control efforts.
122
What community action can reduce the risk of CL outbreaks?
Regular clean-up campaigns to eliminate potential breeding sites.
123
True or False: CL can affect both humans and animals.
True.
124
What is a common misconception about CL transmission?
That it can be spread from person to person.
125
What is Acanthamoeba keratitis?
Acanthamoeba keratitis is an infection of the eyes caused by a microscopic organism called Acanthamoeba.
126
True or False: Acanthamoeba is a type of bacteria.
False: Acanthamoeba is a type of free-living amoeba.
127
What is the primary risk factor for developing Acanthamoeba keratitis?
The primary risk factor is wearing contact lenses, especially if they are not properly cleaned and maintained.
128
Fill in the blank: Acanthamoeba keratitis can lead to ______ if untreated.
blindness
129
What are common symptoms of Acanthamoeba keratitis?
Common symptoms include eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light.
130
Which diagnostic method is commonly used to confirm Acanthamoeba keratitis?
Corneal scraping and microscopic examination are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis.
131
True or False: Acanthamoeba can be found in tap water.
True: Acanthamoeba is commonly found in natural and treated water sources, including tap water.
132
What type of treatment is typically used for Acanthamoeba keratitis?
Topical anti-amoebic medications are typically used for treatment.
133
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Acanthamoeba keratitis? A) Eye pain B) Fever C) Redness D) Blurred vision
B) Fever
134
What is the incubation period for Acanthamoeba keratitis after exposure?
The incubation period can range from days to weeks.
135
Fill in the blank: Acanthamoeba keratitis is often misdiagnosed as ______.
bacterial keratitis
136
True or False: Acanthamoeba keratitis is only associated with contact lens wearers.
False: Although contact lens wearers are at higher risk, anyone can develop the infection.
137
What is a potential complication of Acanthamoeba keratitis?
A potential complication is permanent vision loss or corneal scarring.
138
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a preventive measure against Acanthamoeba keratitis? A) Using saline solution B) Regular lens cleaning C) Sleeping in contact lenses D) All of the above
B) Regular lens cleaning
139
What type of environment do Acanthamoeba thrive in?
Acanthamoeba thrive in moist environments, including soil and water.
140
True or False: Acanthamoeba can survive in extreme conditions.
True: Acanthamoeba can form cysts that allow them to survive harsh conditions.
141
What is the role of the cornea in the eye?
The cornea is the clear front surface of the eye that helps to focus light.
142
Fill in the blank: Acanthamoeba keratitis is more prevalent in ______ climates.
warm
143
What type of professional should be consulted for Acanthamoeba keratitis?
An ophthalmologist should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment.
144
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis? A) Antibiotics B) Antifungals C) Antiviral medications D) Anti-amoebic medications
D) Anti-amoebic medications
145
What is the most common age group affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis?
The most common age group affected is young adults, particularly those who wear contact lenses.
146
True or False: Acanthamoeba keratitis can be entirely prevented.
False: While risk can be reduced, it cannot be entirely prevented.
147
What is the effect of Acanthamoeba keratitis on vision?
Acanthamoeba keratitis can cause significant vision impairment and even blindness if not treated promptly.
148
Fill in the blank: Proper ______ hygiene is crucial for preventing Acanthamoeba keratitis.
lens
149
What is parasitic conjunctivitis?
It is an eye infection caused by parasites affecting the conjunctiva.
150
Name one common parasite associated with conjunctivitis.
Acanthamoeba.
151
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria.
False.
152
Fill in the blank: The main symptom of parasitic conjunctivitis is __________.
redness and irritation of the eye.
153
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of parasitic conjunctivitis? A) Pain B) Discharge C) Fever D) Itching
C) Fever.
154
What type of organism causes parasitic conjunctivitis?
Parasites.
155
How can parasitic conjunctivitis be diagnosed?
Through a clinical examination and laboratory analysis of conjunctival samples.
156
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis can be treated with antibiotics.
False.
157
What is the primary treatment for parasitic conjunctivitis?
Antiparasitic medications.
158
List one risk factor for developing parasitic conjunctivitis.
Contact lens wear.
159
Fill in the blank: __________ is a rare but serious cause of conjunctivitis caused by parasitic infections.
Acanthamoeba keratitis.
160
Multiple choice: Which parasite is frequently associated with contaminated water? A) Toxoplasma B) Acanthamoeba C) Giardia D) Plasmodium
B) Acanthamoeba.
161
What is a common method of prevention for parasitic conjunctivitis?
Practicing good hygiene and avoiding contaminated water.
162
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis can lead to permanent vision loss if untreated.
True.
163
What symptom differentiates parasitic conjunctivitis from viral conjunctivitis?
Severe pain and photophobia.
164
Fill in the blank: __________ is a protozoan parasite that can cause conjunctivitis.
Toxoplasma.
165
Name a diagnostic test used for parasitic conjunctivitis.
Corneal scraping.
166
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated parasitic conjunctivitis? A) Corneal ulcers B) Glaucoma C) Cataracts D) All of the above
A) Corneal ulcers.
167
What role do environmental factors play in parasitic conjunctivitis?
They can increase the risk of exposure to parasites.
168
True or False: All cases of conjunctivitis are caused by infectious agents.
False.
169
What is the incubation period for parasitic conjunctivitis?
It varies depending on the parasite, but symptoms can appear days to weeks after exposure.
170
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common prevention method for contact lens users to avoid parasitic conjunctivitis.
Proper lens hygiene.
171
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of conjunctivitis? A) Allergic B) Viral C) Parasitic D) Bacterial E) Fungal
E) Fungal.
172
What is the main goal of treatment for parasitic conjunctivitis?
To eliminate the parasite and relieve symptoms.
173
What is parasitic conjunctivitis?
It is an eye infection caused by parasites affecting the conjunctiva.
174
Name one common parasite associated with conjunctivitis.
Acanthamoeba.
175
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria.
False.
176
Fill in the blank: The main symptom of parasitic conjunctivitis is __________.
redness and irritation of the eye.
177
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of parasitic conjunctivitis? A) Pain B) Discharge C) Fever D) Itching
C) Fever.
178
What type of organism causes parasitic conjunctivitis?
Parasites.
179
How can parasitic conjunctivitis be diagnosed?
Through a clinical examination and laboratory analysis of conjunctival samples.
180
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis can be treated with antibiotics.
False.
181
What is the primary treatment for parasitic conjunctivitis?
Antiparasitic medications.
182
List one risk factor for developing parasitic conjunctivitis.
Contact lens wear.
183
Fill in the blank: __________ is a rare but serious cause of conjunctivitis caused by parasitic infections.
Acanthamoeba keratitis.
184
Multiple choice: Which parasite is frequently associated with contaminated water? A) Toxoplasma B) Acanthamoeba C) Giardia D) Plasmodium
B) Acanthamoeba.
185
What is a common method of prevention for parasitic conjunctivitis?
Practicing good hygiene and avoiding contaminated water.
186
True or False: Parasitic conjunctivitis can lead to permanent vision loss if untreated.
True.
187
What symptom differentiates parasitic conjunctivitis from viral conjunctivitis?
Severe pain and photophobia.
188
Fill in the blank: __________ is a protozoan parasite that can cause conjunctivitis.
Toxoplasma.
189
Name a diagnostic test used for parasitic conjunctivitis.
Corneal scraping.
190
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated parasitic conjunctivitis? A) Corneal ulcers B) Glaucoma C) Cataracts D) All of the above
A) Corneal ulcers.
191
What role do environmental factors play in parasitic conjunctivitis?
They can increase the risk of exposure to parasites.
192
True or False: All cases of conjunctivitis are caused by infectious agents.
False.
193
What is the incubation period for parasitic conjunctivitis?
It varies depending on the parasite, but symptoms can appear days to weeks after exposure.
194
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common prevention method for contact lens users to avoid parasitic conjunctivitis.
Proper lens hygiene.
195
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of conjunctivitis? A) Allergic B) Viral C) Parasitic D) Bacterial E) Fungal
E) Fungal.
196
What is the main goal of treatment for parasitic conjunctivitis?
To eliminate the parasite and relieve symptoms.
