Lens and Vitreous

Question 1

What is microphakia

Answer 1

small lense

Question 2

What is Spherophakia

Answer 2

spherical lens

Question 3

what is Aphakia

Answer 3

absence of lens

Question 4

What is this image an example of?

Answer 4

Persistent fetal vasculature

Question 5

****What is this image an example of?

Answer 5

Persistent Pupillary Membrane axial anterior lens capsule pigment spots

Question 6

What is nuclear Sclerosis?

Answer 6

normal aging process The lens fibers grow throughout life. cause increased density of lens nucleus Minimal effects of vision

Question 7

How can you differentiate Nuclear sclerosis from cataracts on physical examination?

Answer 7

You can retroilluminate through them

Question 8

What are cataracts?

Answer 8

Opacity in the lens or the lens capsule. Patients with only a cataract should have a normal PLR!!

Question 9

Nuclear Sclerosis vs. Cataract

Answer 9

Cataract

Question 10

Nuclear sclerosis vs cataract

Answer 10

Nuclear sclerosis

the fundic reflection is coming through

Question 11

Nuclear Sclerosis vs Cataracts

Answer 11

Nuclear Sclerosis

Question 12

Nuclear Sclerosis vs cataract

Answer 12

nuclear sclerosis- the hazy ball is the characteristic appearance

Question 13

Nuclear Sclerosis vs Cataract

Answer 13

Cataract

Question 14

Cataract Vs nuclear sclerosis

Answer 14

Cataract

Spoke like white changes. Very early cataract

Question 15

Cataract vs nuclear sclerosis

Answer 15

Nuclear sclerosis

No impediment to the reflection here. Slight distinction to where the nucleus ends, but just an age related change.

Question 16

Cataract vs. nuclear sclerosis

Answer 16

Cataract

Question 17

Cataract vs nuclear sclerosis

Answer 17

Cataract

Question 18

Nuclear Sclerosis vs cataract

Answer 18

Cataract

Question 19

Cataract vs. nuclear sclerosis

Answer 19

cataract

Question 20

What are causes of cataracts

Answer 20

Hereditary (most common cause in dogs)

Metabolic: DM, Galactosemia, Milk replacer)

Secondary to uveitis- most common cause in cats and horses

Traumatic

Question 21

When referring to the stages of cataracts, what does incipient mean?

Answer 21

punctate opacity, <15% of the lens

Question 22

When referring to the stages of cataracts, what does immature mean?

Answer 22

15 to 99% opacification

some tapetal reflection remains +/- vision

Question 23

When referring to the stages of cataracts, what does Mature mean?

Answer 23

Complete (100%) opacification

No tapetal reflection visible and blind

Intumescent - swollen lens (found in diabetics)

Question 24

When referring to the stages of cataracts, what does Hypermature mean?

Answer 24

Resorption of cataractous lens

High variable appearance: sparkling, wrinkled capsule

May see tapetal reflection and may regain vision

Question 25

What stage of cataract is this?

Answer 25

Incipient \<15% of the lens is affected

Question 26

What stage of Cataract is this?

Answer 26

Immature 15-99% corneal affection

Question 27

What stage of cataract is this?

Answer 27

Mature Cataract

Question 28

What stage of cataract is this?

Answer 28

Hypermature Cataract

Question 29

What is the pathogenesis of Diabetic Cataracts

Answer 29

High blood glucose increases lens glucose and overwhelms hexokinase enzyme. Excess glucose metabolized by aldose reductase system to sorbitol. Sorbitol accumulates within lens and causes osmotic effect. Fluid drawn into lens and causes architectural changes in lens fibers.

Question 30

What is Phacolytic uveitis

Answer 30

Leakage of some lens proteins through intact lens capsule. Common in diabetic hypermature, and some juvenile cataracts

Question 31

What is Phacoclastic uveitis?

Answer 31

Rupture of the lens capsule exposing many proteins. Trauma or rapidly progressing cataracts. causes **_SEVERE INFLAMMATION_**

Question 32

Medical therapy associated with Cataracts and prevention of lens-induced uveitis

Answer 32

Topical NSAID BID: Diclofenac Topical steroid SID-QID: PRednisolone acetate 1% Systemic anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Question 34

What is a partial lens subluxation

Answer 34

Partial detachment of lens zonules. Possible clinical findings with lens instability

Question 35

What is this image an example of?

Answer 35

Lens Subluxation

Question 36

What is this image an example of?

Answer 36

Lens Luxation

Question 37

Treatment of anterior lens luxaiton

Answer 37

Emergency if lens luxation is recent and dogs/cat is visual or was recently Treat secondary glaucoma: Mannitol IV, Topical/oral carbonic anhydrasei inhibitors. DO NOT give miotics (pilocarpine, latanoprost)

Question 38

What medications are contraindicated in the face of anterior lens luxation

Answer 38

Pilocarpine, latanoprost

Question 39

T/F Secondary lens luxatino is not an emergency

Answer 39

True the example provided is glaucoma -\> buphthalmos

Question 40

What is recommended medical therapy for Lens subluxation?

Answer 40

Goal : Keep pupil miotic and lens back Prostaglandin analogs (latanoprost) if glaucoma present Parasympathomimetic Demecarium bromide)