Lesson 1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
There are more or less ___ muscles in the human body
A
600
2
Q
Study of the muscular system
A
Myology
3
Q
an organ system that permits movement in the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body
A
Muscular System
4
Q
Three types of muscles
A
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
5
Q
Properties of Muscles
A
Excitability/Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Tonicity
6
Q
receive and respond to stimulus
A
Excitability/Irritability
7
Q
to shorten and tighten
A
Contractility
8
Q
stretch or extend upon the application of force
A
Extensibility
9
Q
regain the original shape and size after being stretched
A
Elasticity
10
Q
to steadily contract
A
Tonicity
11
Q
Function of Muscles
A
M-H-A-P-P:
Movement
Heat Production
Alters diameters of tubes and vessels in the body
Posture
Protection of vital organs
12
Q
How many % of body heat is derived from muscle contraction
A
85%
13
Q
Two types of muscles according to the type of action:
A
Voluntary - can be made contract
Involuntary - can’t be controlled by the will
14
Q
Muscle cells composition
A
-75% water for hydration
-20% CHON for repair and energy production
-5% Glycogen for ATP production
15
Q
Voluntary and striated
40% of TBW
Ability to contract, cause and stop movement
Example: breathing and speech, making facial expression
A
Skeletal Muscles
16
Q
With alternating ight and dark bands
A
Characteristics:
Striated
17
Q
entire heart contracts as one unit
A
syncytium
18
Q
Other term for cardiac muscle
A
Cardiocytes/Heart muscles
19
Q
Cardiac muscles has the length of and diameter of:
A
Length: 50-100
Diameter: 10-20
20
Q
Involuntary
Striated
Autorhythmic
A
Cardiac muscles
21
Q
The heart beats ________ per day
A
100,000
22
Q
contraction of muscle without apparent stimulation or without frank stimulation
A
Autorhythmicity
23
Q
muscle fibers are multinucleated structures
A
Skeletal Muscles
24
Q
fibers have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other
A
Cardiac Muscles
25
Involuntary
non-striated
fibers are small, spindled-shape, mononucleated with lesser actin and myosin
Smooth Muscle
26
ability of smooth muscle to stretch without developing a lasting high tension
Plasticity
27
layers of connective tissue that encloses muscle and provide structure to th muscle as a whole and also compartmentalize the muscle fibers within the muscle
Mysia
28
sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscle fibers, holds muscle fibers together
Connective Tissue Coverings/Fascia
29
connective tissue surrounding the skeletal muscle
Epimysium
30
connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasicles
Perimysium
31
connective tissue that surrounds single muscle fibers
Endomysium
32
bundle of fibers
Fascicles
33
muscle cells that composes a fasciculus
Muscle Fiber
34
Skeletal muscle attachments:
T-A-T:
Tendon
Aponeuroses
Tendon Sheaths
35
attaches muscle to the periosteum of a bone
Tendon
36
flat layer ghin of sheets that attach to the coverings of a bone, another bone, or the skin
Aponeuroses
37
tubes of fibeous connective tissue that encloses certain tendons especial at the wrist and ankle
Tendon Sheathes
38
Attachment of bone ends of skeletal muscles:
Origin
Insertion
39
less movable, point of attachment, attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone
Origin
40
more movable, distal to the movable bone
Insertion
41
Skeletal muscle shapes
PPCCF:
Parallel
Pennate (Uni, Bi, Multi)
Convergent
Circular
Fusiform
42
- fasciculi are parallel with the long axis of the muscle
- quadrilateral in shape
- examples: stylohyoid muscle
Parallel/Longitudinal
43
- fasciculi are short in relation to the entire length of the muscle
- obliquely toward the tendon like the plumes of a feather
Pennate
44
- arranged on only one side of the tendon
- example: extensor digitorium
Unipennate
45
- arranged on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon
- example: rectus femoris muscle
Bipennate
46
- have complex arrangement that involves convergence of several tendons
- example: deltoid muscle
Multipennate
47
- broad origin of fasciculi converges to a narrow, restricted insertion
- triangular in shape
- example: pectoralis major
Convergent
48
- arranged in circular pattern and enclose an orifice
- example: orbicularis oculi muscle
Circular
49
- nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis
- muscles tapers toward the tendons
- example: biceps brachii
Fusiform
50
elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another
Muscle fibers/Myofibers
51
Diameter and Length of Myofibers
Diameter: 10 to 100
Length: 30 or more
52
cell membrane of the muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
53
- cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
- multinucleated
- contains enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils
Sarcoplasm
54
- cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
- contains sarcoplasmic reticulum, enzymes, myofibrils
Sarcoplasm
55
- network of membrane enclosed tubules
- where protein and lipid are manufactured
- transport products
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
56
- extensions of sarcolemma
- perpendicularly to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-runs transversely through the fiber
T-tubules/Transverse tubules
57
T tubules connect to the terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Triad
58
- dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- ring like channels around myofibrils
Terminal cisterns
59
- simplest unit of muscle
- bundles of protein filaments
- cylindrical (1-2 um in diameter)
- consists to 2 kinds of myofilaments
myofibrils
60
- 6 nm in diameter
- composed of 3 kinds of proteins
Thin myofilaments/Actin
61
- 16 nm in diameter
- composed mainly of myosin (shaped like golf club)
Thick myofilaments/Myosin
62
Thin myofilaments 3 proteins:
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Actin
63
arranged in strands that are loosely attached to actin
Tropomyosin
64
located at regular intervals on the surgace of tropomyosin
Troponin
65
3 subunits of Troponin
I - binds with actin
C - binds with calcium
T - binds with tropomyosin
66
- attachment sites for myosin filaments
- double helix
- contains myosin binding-site that interacts with a cross bridge of a myosin molecule
Actin
67
basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle
sarcomeres
68
- separate one sarcomere to the next
- network of protein fibers that forms a stationary anchor for actin myofilaments to attach
Z disk
69
each ___________ consists of two _________ bands separated by a __________ band
sarcomere
light-staining
dark-staining
70
- light staining bands
- consist of only actin myofilaments
I bands/Isotropic
71
- central dark-staining band
A band/Anisotropic
72
- center of A band that is a smaller' lighter-staining region
H zone
73
- located at the center of H-zone
- consists of fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin filaments in place
M line
74
contain the actin-binding site and an ATP binding site
cross bridges
75
storehouse of the cell
mitochondria
76
- narrow zones that separate sarcomeres from one another
- contain thick myofilaments only
Z-line/Zuriachen
77
proteins that make up myofibrils
Myofilament
78
- bind to attachment sites
- bend and straighten
- break down ATP
Myosin heads
79
muscles that are primary concern with the movement
Prime movers/Agonist
80
- acts against prime movers
- working in reverse of that particular movement, preventing the prime mover to over extend
antagonists
81
- helps the prime movers by producing the same movement
synergists
82
- specialized synergists
- muscle which steadies the bone
- stabilize the origin of a prime mover
fixators
83
- neuron that stiimulates muscle contraction
- deliver stimulus to muscle tissue
Motor neuron
84
- refers to the axon terminal of a motor neuron together with the motor end plate
Neuromuscular junction/Myoneural junction
85
- the region of the sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminal
Motor end plate
86
- expanded bulblike structures of the distal ends of the axon terminals
Synaptic end bulbs
87
- membrane enclosed sacs contained in synaptic end bulbs
- store chemicals called neurotransmitters including acetylcholine
Synaptic vesicles
88
- neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles
Acetylcholine
89
invaginate area of the sarcolemma under the axon terminal
synaptic gutter
90
space between the sarcolemma under the axon terminal
synaptic cleft
91
numerous folds of the sarcolemma along the synaptic gutter
subneural clefts
92
- composed of motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates
- single motor neuron may innervate about 150 muscle fibers, depending on the region of the body
Motor unit
93
sliding of myofilaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the muscle fibers
Sliding Filament Theory
94
states that muscles either contract with all force possible under existing conditions or do not contract at all
All-or-None Principle
95
Phases of Contraction
Lag phase
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase
96
This principle states that when a motor unit receives a stimulus of sufficient intensity to bring forth a response, all the muscle fibers within the unit will contract at the same time, and to the maximum possible extent.
All-or-None Law
