Lesson 1

Question 1

produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the earths surface

Answer 1

earthquake

Question 2

2 types of earthquake

Answer 2

tectonic earthquake
volcanic earthquake

Question 3

movement along faults and plate boundaries

Answer 3

tectonic earthquake

Question 4

induced by rising lava/magma beneath active volcanoes

Answer 4

volcanic earthquake

Question 5

theory that explains the formation and deformation of the earths surface

Answer 5

Plate Tectonics Theory (1960)

Question 6

earths outermost layer is divided into ___ major tectonic plates

Answer 6

15

Question 7

Evidence for continental drift

Answer 7

matching coastlines
matching mountains
matching rock types and rock ages
matching glacier deposits
matching fossils

Question 8

symptoms of active tectonic movements and as observed that the intense activity occurs predominantly on plate boundaries (seismic belts)

Answer 8

earthquake

Question 9

large and stable rigid rock slabs with a thickness of about 100 km forming the crust and part of the upper mantle

Answer 9

plates

Question 10

outer rock layer with non-uniform thickness of 25-60 km under the continents and 4-6 km under oceans

Answer 10

crust

Question 11

portions of the earths interior below crust extending from 30 km - 2900 km

Answer 11

mantle

Question 12

____ causes movement in the mantle with 1 to 10 cm/year

Answer 12

convection currents

Question 13

Types of plate boundaries

Answer 13

divergent/rift zones
convergent/subduction zones
transform zones/transcurrent horizontal slip

Question 14

plates separated by effusion of magma occurence; formation of mid-ocean ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

Answer 14

divergent/rift zones

Question 15

adjacent plates collide; plates come together

Answer 15

convergent/subduction zones

Question 16

two plates glide past one another but without subducting old lithosphere; plates slides past each other

Answer 16

transform zones/transcurrent horizontal slip

Question 17

distorted blocks snaps back toward equilibrium and an earthquake ground motion is produced; AKA elastic rebound

Answer 17

faulting

Question 18

resulting fracture in the earths crust

Answer 18

fault

Question 19

rocks bend under stress while storing elastic energy. when the strain in the rocks exceeds their strength, breaking will occur along the fault.

Answer 19

elastic rebound theory

Question 20

parameters used to describe fault motion and its dimension

Answer 20

azimuth
dip
slip/rake
relative displacement
area

Question 21

one block moves away vertically with respect to the other; footwall moves up the dip and away from the block overhanghing the fault plane

Answer 21

dip-slip faults

Question 22

adjacent blocks move horizontally past one another; can be right-lateral or left-lateral

Answer 22

strike-slip faults

Question 23

combination of strike-slip and dip slip movements; can either be normal or reverse and right or lefr lateral movements

Answer 23

oblique slip

Question 24

point under the surface where the rupture originates

Answer 24

focus/hypocenter

Question 25

projection of the focus on the surface

Answer 25

epicenter

Question 26

source parameters

Answer 26

epicentral distance hypocentral/focal distance focal depth

Question 27

2 types of elastic seismic waves

Answer 27

body waves surface waves

Question 28

aka 'preliminary tremors' because they are felt first and travels through the earths interior layers

Answer 28

body waves

Question 29

cause alternate push (compression) and pull (tension) in the rock thus the waves propagates, the medium expands while keeping the same form

Answer 29

p-waves

Question 30

material movement is the same direction as wave movement

Answer 30

p-waves

Question 31

causes vertical and horizontal side-to-side motion and introduces shear stresses in rocks along their paths aka shear waves

Answer 31

s-waves

Question 32

motion can be separated into horizontal and vertical components

Answer 32

s-waves

Question 33

propagate across the outer layers of the crust generated by constructive interference of body waves travelling parallel to the ground surface and various underlying boundaries

Answer 33

surface waves

Question 34

slower than body waves; rolling side to side movements

Answer 34

surface movements

Question 35

generated by constructive interference of SH body waves and cannot travel across fluids

Answer 35

love waves

Question 36

the motion is horizontally oscillating and perpendicular to the direction of propagation which is parallel to the earths surface

Answer 36

love waves

Question 37

caused by constructive interference of body waves such as P and SV

Answer 37

rayleigh waves

Question 38

particles of soil move in the form of a retrograde ellipse whose axis is perpendicular/vertically oscillating to the earths surface;

Answer 38

rayleigh waves

Question 39

causes back and forth horizontal motion; motion is similar to that of being in a boat in the ocean; arrive last on seismogram

Answer 39

rayleigh waves

Question 40

visual record of arrival time and magnitude of shaking associated with seismic wave

Answer 40

seismogram

Question 41

adjustments that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquake

Answer 41

aftershocks

Question 42

small earthquakes often precede a major earthquake by days or by as much as several years

Answer 42

foreshocks