lesson 1

Question 1

The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about the information

Answer 1

Cognitive Psychology

Question 2

a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas

Answer 2

DIALECTIC

Question 3

according to Plato, the route to knowledge is through
thinking and logical analysis.

Answer 3

Rationalism / Rationalist

Question 4

In contrast, Aristotle (a naturalist and biologist as well as a philosopher) believe that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence— through observation and experience.

Answer 4

Empiricism / Empiricist

Question 5

seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences.

Answer 5

Philosophy

Question 6

• seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.

Answer 6

Physiology

Question 7

Founder of Structuralism

Answer 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 8

the first major school of thought in psychology

Answer 8

Structuralism

Question 9

He is viewed as the FIRST full-pledged structuralist and also American student of Wundt

Answer 9

Edward Titchener

Question 10

A leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism

Answer 10

William James

Question 11

seeks to understand what people do and why they do it. It focuses on the processes of thought rather than on it’s contents

Answer 11

Functionalism

Question 12

believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?

Answer 12

Pragmatists

Question 13

Early pragmatist who profoundly influenced contemporary thinking in Cognitive Psychology

Answer 13

John Dewey

Question 14

Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically

Answer 14

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 15

examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

Answer 15

Associationism

Question 16

associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time

Answer 16

Contiguity

Question 17

associating things with similar features or properties

Answer 17

Similarity

Question 18

associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night

Answer 18

Contrast

Question 19

A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time is an organism is rewarded for that response.

Answer 19

law of effect

Question 20

father of radical behaviorism because he believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior

Answer 20

John B. Watson

Question 21

focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. The idea is to make physical whatever others might have called “mental

Answer 21

Behaviorism

Question 22

Sometimes viewed as a father of modern cognitive
psychology. He believes that understanding behavior required taking into account the purpose of and the plan for a behavior and also believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal

Answer 22

Edward Tolman

Question 23

Noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct rewards for behavior, but it also can be social

-We learn by example

Answer 23

Albert Bandura

Question 24

According to this view, we cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts.

• Studies both mental processes and behavior

Answer 24

Gestalt Psychology

Question 25

Is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think

Answer 25

Cognitivism

Question 26

a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable by humans from the output of humans.

Answer 26

Turing Test

Question 27

Attempt of humans to construct systems that show intelligence and particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

Answer 27

Artificial Intelligence

Question 28

His book Cognitive Psychology was especially critical in bringing cognitivism to prominence by informing undergraduates, graduate students and academics about the newly developing field He defined cognitive psychology as the study of how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge -The Father of Modern Cognitive Psychology

Answer 28

Ulric Neisser

Question 29

They proposed detailed models of human thinking and problem solving from the most basic levels to the most complex.

Answer 29

Allen Newell & Herbert Simon

Question 30

an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations

Answer 30

Theory

Question 31

tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research

Answer 31

Hypothesis

Question 32

Ideally, they use multiple converging types to support their hypotheses. Most cognitive psychologists want to understand more than the what of cognition; most also seek to understand the how and the why of thinking.

Answer 32

Data Gathering & Statistical Analysis

Question 33

investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.

Answer 33

Neuroscientific Research

Question 34

an individual’s own account of cognitive processes

Answer 34

Self-Reports

Question 35

detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts

Answer 35

Naturalistic observations

Question 36

computer simulations, researchers program computers to imitate a given human function or process.

Answer 36

Computer simulations & AI

Question 37

In controlled experimental designs, an experimenter usually will conduct research in a laboratory setting

Answer 37

Laboratory or other controlled experiments