Lesson 2

Question 1

responsible for all cognitive processes in
humans and animals.

Answer 1

Brain

Question 2

Gross Anatomy of the Brain consists of three main
regions such as?

Answer 2

the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain.

Question 3

part of the brain that includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

Answer 3

The Forebrain

Question 4

serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information.

Answer 4

The Midbrain

Question 5

it important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning,

it allows us to suppress instinctive responses

Answer 5

The limbic system

Question 6

It is involved in anger and fear as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition.

Answer 6

Septume

Question 7

Plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression

Answer 7

Amygdala

Question 8

Plays an essential role in memory formation

Plays a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of long-term memories.

Answer 8

hippocampus

Question 9

Regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

a network of neurons essential to the regulation of consciousness

Answer 10

reticular formation / RAS

Question 11

in mammals these functions are dominated by the
forebrain. By far the most indispensable of these structures is the reticular activating system

Answer 11

Midbrain

Question 12

controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion and also the place at which nerves from the right side of the body cross over to the left side of the brain and nerves from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the brain

Answer 12

Medulla oblongata

Question 13

serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another. Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function

Answer 13

Pons

Question 14

(from Latin, “little brain”) controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure-related movements

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Question 15

is the outermost layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in cognitive functions.

Answer 15

The cerebral cortex

Question 16

In the Cerebral cortex this area is responsible for
speech production

Answer 16

Broca’s area

Question 17

In the Cerebral cortex this area is involved in
language comprehension

Answer 17

Wernicke’s area

Question 18

a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 18

The corpus callosum

Question 19

people who have undergone operations severing the corpus callosum

Answer 19

Split-brain patients

Question 20

associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment

Answer 20

The frontal lobe

Question 21

the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of information over time

Answer 21

The prefrontal cortex

Question 22

the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with
somatosensory processing. It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb position when you are perceiving space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying

Answer 22

parietal lobe,

Question 23

directly under your temples, is associated with auditory processing (Murray, 2003) and comprehending language

Answer 23

The temporal lobe

Question 24

associated with visual processing

Answer 24

The occipital lobe

Question 25

Individual neural cells, transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system

Answer 25

Neurons

Question 26

branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

Answer 26

dendrites

Question 27

a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.

Answer 27

axon

Question 28

a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain

Answer 28

Myelin

Question 29

small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron. Rather, there is a very small gap, the synapse

Answer 29

The terminal buttons

Question 30

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons

Answer 30

synapse

Question 31

chemical messengers for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron

Answer 31

neurotransmitters

Question 32

researchers often use dissection to study the relation between the brain and behavior

Answer 32

Postmortem Studies

Question 33

This technique can be used only in laboratory animals, not in humans, because no safe way has yet been devised to perform such recordings in humans

Answer 33

To obtain single-cell recordings

Question 34

surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits

Answer 34

Lesioning

Question 35

By using genetic manipulations, animals can be created that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain. Comparisons with normal animals then indicate what the function of the missing receptors or cells may be.

Answer 35

Employing genetic knockout procedures

Question 36

scans provide detailed structural information.

Answer 36

Computed Tomography (CT)

Question 37

measures changes in blood flow to infer brain activity.

Answer 37

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 38

a complex trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors

Answer 38

Intelligence

Question 39

The number of neurons in the brain has been linked to intelligence

Answer 39

Intelligence and Neurons

Question 40

Efficient brain metabolism is associated with higher cognitive abilities

Answer 40

Intelligence and Brain Metabolism

Question 41

Cognitive neuroscience helps understand the neural mechanisms underlying intelligence tests.

Answer 41

Biological Bases of Intelligence Testing

Question 42

suggests that intelligence depends on the coordination between the parietal and frontal lobes.

Answer 42

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)