Lesson 1 - Anatomical terms & basic structures

Question 1

Sagittal Plane

Answer 1

longitudinal plane parallel to the median plane. Divides head, torso, limbs into equal OR unequal left & right parts (not halves)

(Think pinstripes going down the body)

Question 2

Median Plane

Answer 2

midline longitudinal plane. Divides head & toros into left / right halves.

Mid Sagittal plane will equally divide a structure

Question 3

Frontal / Coronal Plane

Answer 3

Longitudinal plane that divides body into front / back halves. Not always equal.

Question 4

Transverse Plane

Answer 4

Horizontal plane perpendicular to longitudinal plane. Divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves.

Not always equal

Question 5

Superior / Cranial

Answer 5

head / neck / torso. the structure is closer to the top of the head (not used in describing limbs) than another structure in the body

Question 6

Inferior / Caudal

Answer 6

head / neck / torso. the structure is closer to the feet than another structure in the body.

Question 7

Anterior

Answer 7

the structure is more in front than another structure. Related to Frontal plane.

Question 8

Posterior / Dorsal

Answer 8

the structure is more in back than another structure. Related to Frontal plane.

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

the structure is closer to the median plane than another structure. Related to Median plane.

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

the structure is further from the median plane than another structure. Related to Median plane.

Question 11

Proximal

Answer 11

only used with limbs, structure is closer to the median plane or root of limb than another structure.

Closer to trunk of body.

Question 12

Distal

Answer 12

only used with limbs, structure is further from the median plane or root of limb than another structure.

Further from the trunk of the body.

Question 13

Superficial

Answer 13

External, closer to surface of body

Question 14

Deep

Answer 14

Internal, further away from the surface of body

Question 15

Diaphysis

Answer 15

hollow shaft of a long bone. Marrow-filled with a medullary cavity, lined by compact bone, with an external layer of periosteum.

well vascularizes, heals faster.

Question 16

Compact Bone

Answer 16

hard bone beneath periosteum, mainly found in shaft.

Forms the walls of the diaphysis and is a thin surface on other bones without articular cartilage.

Question 17

Periosteum

Answer 17

Outermost fibrous layer, supplies blood and nerves to the bone. This is what most skeletal muscles attach to.

highly sensitive life support sheath for bone. fibrous, cellular, vascular. Source of bone cells.

Question 18

Epiphysis

Answer 18

End of a long bone, mostly made of spongy (cancellous) bone. The articulating surface is lined with 3-5 mm of articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 19

Cancellous or Spongy Bone

Answer 19

little cavities allow for shock absorption

very porous - contains red bone marrow (where blood cells are made)

weaker and easier to fracture than compact bone.

A latticed truss made up of trabeculae (interwoven beams of bone), filled with red or yellow marrow and blood vessels. Ideal for dynamic response to weight, posture change, and muscle tension.

Question 20

Articular Cartilage

Answer 20

highly specialized connective tissue

found at the end of bones (epiphysis)

principal function is to provide smooth movement.

It’s the articulating surface in freely movable joints. Smooth, slippery, porous, malleable, no sensitivity, bloodless.

Question 21

Visceral Smooth Muscle

Answer 21

Found in the walls of hollow organs (stomach, kidneys, intestines, bladder, uterus, arteries). Mostly involuntary.

Peristalsis - wave like undulating squeezing motion of visceral smooth muscle tissue.

long, non striated, and tapered muscle cells with centrally placed nuclei, surrounded by Plasmalemma. Line the walls of visceral organs. Slow, sustained, rhythmic powerful contractions. Also act as gates (sphincters), regulating flow (think, urine.) Can spontaneously contract, through automatic nerves and hormones.

Question 22

Cardiac Striated Muscle

Answer 22

pumps blood through the body. makes up the bulk of the heart’s mass, involuntary muscle.

building block of heart muscles, branched (look like tied together bamboo), striated, 1-2 central placed nuclei , surrounded by sarcolemma (cytoplasm). Connects to each other via intercalated discs (junctional complex). Strong rhythmic contractions regulated by special set of impulse conducting muscles (not nerves).

Question 23

Skeletal Striated Muscle

Answer 23

Form of striated muscle tissue found on bones, part of “voluntary” control of somatic nervous system.

Attached to bones by tendons (bundles of collagen)

long, striated, multi-nucleated, enveloped in Sarcolemma (cell membrane). Only pull, never push. Rapid, brief, and powerful shortenings conducted by nerves (innervation). Lack of nerves (denervation) or resupply will lead to cell death.

Question 24

Muscle Belly

Answer 24

bulk of muscle mass, collections of skeletal muscle cells. This is where the contraction / pulling happens.

Question 25

Origin

Answer 25

Generally the larger fixed point of muscle attachment to bone.

Question 26

Insertion

Answer 26

Generally the smaller fixed point of muscle attachment to bone. Muscle contractions generally move from insertion to origin.

Question 27

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 27

discrete entity with a belly (muscle mass), and tendons at each end. Surrounded by deep fascia and neurovascular bundles.

Question 28

Connective Tissue

Answer 28

Includes Dermis (deep layer of skin), Fascia, Tendons, Ligaments. Fascia means “band”. Primarily collagen.

Question 29

Superficial fascia

Answer 29

Connective tissue that contains nerves, small vessels, and some large veins. Closer to surface underneath skin.

Question 30

Deep fascia

Answer 30

Closer to the center or core. Ensheathes skeletal muscle + supporting nerves and vessels. More sensitive, dense, vascular, and irregular.

Question 31

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Answer 31

long narrow cells that often span the length of entire muscle.

Question 32

Endomysium

Answer 32

Inner layer surrounding individual muscle fibers. Wraps each individual muscle cell, secures the critical neurovascular structures.

Question 33

Perimysium

Answer 33

Connective tissue (fascia) that wraps bundles of muscle fibers. Middle covering of skeletal muscle, wraps nerves, small arteries and veins (neuromuscular bundle)

Question 34

Epimysium

Answer 34

Outer layer surrounding entire muscle belly. Includes nerves, arteries, and veins. Fibrous outermost covering of skeletal muscle. Works with perimysium and endomysium to ensure uniform distribution of muscle tension (for contraction, maintains elasticity of muscle.

Question 35

Tendon

Answer 35

Connects muscle to bone. “muscles get tender”. Tendon attached to Periosteum. The spots where endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium merge. Secures muscles to attachment sites.

Question 36

Ligament

Answer 36

Connects bone to bone, or cartilage, or holds together a joint. Dense regular connective tissue. Binds bone to bone via deep insertions into periosteum and underlying bone

Question 37

Extension

Answer 37

Increase angle between 2 body parts. Straightening a joint. Related to Sagittal Plane. Extreme, abnormal movement is called hyperextension.

Question 38

Flexion

Answer 38

Bending a joint, increasing angle between 2 body parts. Related to Sagittal plane

Question 39

Abduction

Answer 39

Moves a joint / bone away from the midline of the body, hand, or foot. Related to Coronal plane.

Question 40

Adduction

Answer 40

Moves a joint / bone towards the midline of the body, hand, or foot. Related to Coronal plane.

Question 41

Rotation

Answer 41

Turning or moving bone about its axis.

Question 42

Lateral/External Rotation

Answer 42

Rotation away from the body

Question 43

Medial/Internal Rotation

Answer 43

Rotation towards the body

Question 44

Circumduction

Answer 44

Making a circle around a fixed point. Circular movement, made up of flexion —> abduction —> extension —> adduction in sequence.

Question 45

Supination of Forearm

Answer 45

“Soup-ination”. External rotation of radiohumeral joint. Leaves hand and wrist turned palm up.

Question 46

Pronation of Forearm

Answer 46

Internal rotation of radiohumeral joint. Leaves hand and wrist turned palm down.

Question 47

Inversion of Foot

Answer 47

Rotating on median plane. Big toe up. Pinky down. “Lift up on the inside.”

Question 48

Eversion of Foot

Answer 48

Rotating on median plane. Big toe down. Pinky up.

Question 49

Plantarflexion of Ankle

Answer 49

Pointing foot down, ballet feet.

Question 50

Dorsiflexion of Ankle

Answer 50

Pointing foot up, balancing on heels.

Question 51

Bone Tissue

Answer 51

206 bones in the body, made mostly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. 1. Support and protects internal organs 2. Muscles pull bone to move the body 3. stores calcium, plays a large role in balancing calcium blood-levels

Question 52

Joint Movement

Answer 52

Muscles contract at origin Terms used assume anatomical position a joint is where 2 or more bones meet