lesson 1 and 2 Flashcards
the study of how people perceive, learn,remember, and think about information.
Cognitive Psychology
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences
PHILOSOPHY
seeks a scientific study of life - sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation based) methods
PHYSIOLOGY
a belief that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis.
Rationalism
a belief that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation.
Empiricism
- Father of Psychology
- A German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism.
Wilhelm Wundt (1852–1920)
proposes that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.
Structuralism
is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes. In experiments involving _____, individuals reported on their thoughts as they were working on a given task.
Introspection
- seeks to understand what people do and WHY they do it.
- aims to find meaning and purpose in what we experience
Functionalism
- a renowned American Psychologist of the late 19th century
- instead of focusing the specific “ introspective “ elements that make up our consciousness, psychology should consider the purpose of consciousness, psychological state, and behavior
William James (1842-1910)
_________believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness.
________ are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what we can do with our knowledge of what people do.
Pragmatists
examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
Associationism
associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
Contiguity
associating things with similar features or properties
Similarity
associating things that show polarities
Contrast
- first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically
- Through his self - observations, ______ studied how people learn and remember material through rehearsal -frequent repetition can fix mental associations more firmly in memory.
-Thus, repetition aids in learning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- Famous for his work on learning theory
- held the role of “ satisfaction “ is the key to forming associations .
- Law of Effect
-any behavior that is followed by
pleasant consequences is likely to be
repeated, and any behavior followed by
unpleasant consequences is likely to be
stopped.
Edward Lee Thorndike
Thorndike believed that an organism learns to
respond in a given way ( the effect ) in a given
situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing
so ( the satisfaction , which serves as a stimulus
of future actions )
LAW OF EFFECT
- Nobel prize-winning physiologist
- best known for his classical
conditioning experiments with dogs - In his research, he discovered the conditioned reflex, which shaped the field of behaviorism in psychologist
Ivan Pavlov
- _______ focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
- The stimulus-response sequence is a key element of understanding behaviorism
Behaviorism
-The “father” of radical behaviorism
- He believed that psychologists shouldconcentrate only on the study of observable behavior
John Watson (1878-1958)
- ___________ involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcement (rewards) or punishments
- could explain all forms of human behavior.
operant conditioning
-involves applying a desired stimulus following a desired respons
Positive reinforcement
2 types of positive reinforcement
-Extrinsic Reward
-Intrinsic Reward
