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NEUR454 > Lesson 1 - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

behavioral endocrinology

A

The study of the interactions among hormones, brain, and behavior.

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2
Q

hormone

A

An organic chemical messenger released from endo- crine cells that travels through the blood system to interact with cells at some distance away and causes a biological response.

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

A ductless gland from which hormones are released into the blood system in response to specific physiological signals.

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4
Q

castration

A

The surgical removal of the gonads.

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5
Q

eunuch

A

A man who has been castrated (testes removed).

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6
Q

Hormones do NOT

A

directly cause behaviour: they change likelihood of behaviour taking place: either in increasing manner or decreasing manner

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7
Q

What causes individual A to emit behavior X?There are 4 kinds of correct answers to the aforementioned question based on four levels of analysis:

A
  1. Immediate Causation
  2. Development
  3. Evolution
  4. Adaptive Function
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8
Q

What causes individual A to emit behavior X?There are 4 kinds of correct answers to the aforementioned question based on 4 levels of analysis: How components (2):

A

1/4: Immediate Causation
2/4: Development

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9
Q

What causes individual A to emit behavior X?There are 4 kinds of correct answers to the aforementioned question based on 4 levels of analysis: why components (2):

A

3/4 evolution
4/4 adaptive function

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10
Q

levels of analysis

A

The set of overlapping and interacting questions about behavior that span different types of approaches, including immediate causation, development, evolution, and adaptive function.

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11
Q

immediate causation (1/4 levels of analysis)

A

the physiological mechanism(s) underlying behavior.

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12
Q

development (2/4 levels of analysis)

A

The role of experience in individual behavior.

Ex: perhaps zebra finch sings because it imitates father
only males sing, fathers sing, offspring learn to sing

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13
Q

evolutionary approaches (3/4) levels of analysis

A

The perspective(s) adopted by biologists who assume that evolutionary processes are central to issues in ecology, systematics, and behavior.

ex:all male zebra finch sing, so common ancestor must have sung

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14
Q

adaptive function (4/4 level of analysis)

A

The role of any structural, physiological, or behavioral process that increases an individual’s fitness to survive and reproduce as compared with other conspecifics.

ex:perhaps zebra fish sing to increase their fitness (survival)
related to evolution

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15
Q

synaptic cleft distance:

A

20-30 nm

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16
Q

Hormones are

A

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands

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17
Q

Unlike neurotransmitters, hormones travel (name two differences)

A

(1) Through blood, not cleft
(2)hormones can travel further and impact nervous system

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18
Q

Hormones travel through

A

blood system

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19
Q

Hormones travel through blood system, Influencing __

A

the nervous system

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20
Q

Hormones travel through blood system regulating:

A

physiology and behavior

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21
Q

Hormones are similar in function to

A

neurotransmitters

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22
Q

hormones are packaged in __ but __

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A

Hormones are packaged in vesicles in the Golgi apparatus, but not all hormones are packaged—some are lipid-soluble (lipophilic) and diffuse freely across membranes, so they are not stored in vesicles.

23
Q

hormones and neurotransmitters are both (3):

Study These Flashcards
A

(1) Chemical in nature
(2) Released + (3) Received by cell in similar manner

24
Q

how do hormones affect behavior?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Do NOT cause behavior
  • Change the probability (increase or decrease) of a behavior taking place in the appropriate context

** context is extremely important: context will ultimately detect if behaviour takes place or not

25
* Behavior can also affect
hormone concentrations
26
* Behavioral endocrinology
study interaction btw hormones and behavior
27
interaction btw hormones and behavior is __
bidirectional
28
CLASSES OF EVIDENCE FOR DETERMINING THESE (hormone-behaviour) INTERACTIONS (3):
(1)Behavior should disappear when source of hormone removed or by blocking hormone Actions (2) Once behaviour dissapeared,restoration of hormone should rescue behavior (3)Hormone concentrations and the behaviour should be covariant
29
Modern era of the discipline (behavioural endocrinology) emerged in
middle of 20th century
30
Modern era of the discipline (behavioural endocrinology) emerged in middle of 20th century with;
Publication of the classic book Hormones and Behavior
31
book Hormones and Behavior
Beach,1948
32
Modern era of the discipline (behavioural endocrinology) emerged in middle of 20th century with; * Publication of the classic book Hormones and Behavior (Beach,1948) * But
relationship btw endocrine glands and behavior had been reported well before...
33
historically most common manipulation of endocrine system
Castration
34
Castration is typically
the removal of the male gonad
35
Behavioral and physical effects of castration had been known for centuries
21st century BC; Aristotle, 350 BCE
36
For centuries, eunuchs were employed by royalty to guard women from other men Why?
Eunochs: removal gonads (castration) before puberty: if human males are castrated before puberty, they will develop a characteristic physical appearance marked by short stature and long arms, and sexual behaviors are unlikely to develop. The typical secondary male sex characteristics are also affected : eunuchs never develop beards, and the pubertal change in voice does not occur.
37
Young boys with exceptional singing voices were
castrated (Farinelli – Castrated early on) Testosterone produced by testes impacts vocal cords and changes voice: remove testes: no testosterone preservation of voice
38
Where eunocks and Farinelli the first experiments of castration?
NO - castrated but not experimentally
39
First Castration Experiments
Arnold Adolph Berthold
40
Arnold Adolph Berhold in __ published __
Arnold Adolph Berhold in 1849 published the first formal experiment in endocrinology (Experiment with roosters)
41
Berthold experiment: normal roosters (not castrated) characteristics:
* Roosters are larger and have distinctive plumage, wattles, and combs * Mate with hens * Fight with other males (aggressive) * Crow
42
Berthold group 1:
*Castration* Caponization: small comb and wattles no interest in hens no agression towards other males
43
Berthold Group 2:
*castration and REimplantation of testes* normal comb and wattles normal male behaviour
44
Berthold Group 3:
*castration and TRANSPLANTATION of testis* normal male development: normal comb and wattles normal male behaviour
45
Berthold wanted to show:
if you remove testes EARLY on: that chick doesn’t grow up to be normal rooster not physically nor behaviourally
46
Three main conclusions of Berthold’s experiment:
1. testes are transplantable organs 2. once transplanted can function and produce sperm 3. No specific nerves needed to direct the function of the testes
47
Berthold experiment:how did birds in 2nd and 3rd groups develop normally
Berthold proposed “secretory blood- borne product” from transplanted testes
48
Berthold’s “secretory blood-borne product” is what we know today as a
hormone (berthold did NOT coin the term hormone - ernest Starling did)
49
term hormone coined by __ in __
Ernest Starling in 1905
50
an example of exogenous ligand:
Synthetic anabolic steroids (builds muscle mass)
51
Potential undesirable consequences of exogenous ligands (synthetic anabolic steroids) (6):
* ↑ heart size = ↓ pumping * damage to kidneys and liver * compromised immune function * acne * balding * ↓ sexual desire ....
52
psychological problems of exogenous ligands (synthetic anabolic steroids) (4)
* paranoia * depression * aggressive ideation * violent rage (roid rage)
53
exogenous ligands (synthetic anabolic steroids) interferance with:
* hormone synthesis * hormone release and storage * hormone transport and clearance * hormone receptor recognition and binding * hormone post receptor activation * the thyroid function * the central nervous system
54
Pesticides can be
endocrine disrupting chemicals

NEUR454 (6 decks)

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