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Lecture 3.2 Exam 2 Flashcards

(26 cards)

1
Q

In 1959, William C Young published study on effects of:

A

perinatal androgen treatment on female reproductive behaviour

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2
Q

females and males of many species typically show:

A

sexually dimorphic mating postures (lordosis and mounting)

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3
Q

What happens when adult males castrated? Then, treated with androgens?

A

castrated males will not engage in mounting behaviour, then when treated with androgens will engage in mounting again

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4
Q

William C Young First phase of his experiment:

A

Injected Testosterone to pregnant guinea pigs throughout gestation period

Some were given larger doses of testosterone than others

pregnant guinea pigs given “higher doses”: some female offspring were hemaphrodites (normal male offspring)

pregnant guinea pigs given lower dose = all “unmodified females” (and normal males

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5
Q

William Young experiment: Second Phase

A
  • In adulthood, all groups gonadectomized
  • Then given estrogen+progesterone and paired with stud male.
  • Later, injected with androgens and paired with receptive female.
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6
Q

William Young Experiment Results

A

Compared to controls, androgens given prenatally irrespective of dose (low and high):
In adult females:
* ↓ tendency to exhibit lordosis behavior in response to estrogen/progesterone + stud male.
* ↑ tendency to exhibit mounting behavior in response to testosterone + receptive female

In adult males
* No effect

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7
Q

William Young’s study among others contributed to :

A

the development of the organization/activational hypothesis

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8
Q

organization / activational hypothesis states that:

A

This hypothesis states that hormones are involved in the organization of the nervous system: androgens mould in a male like fashion, low levels androgens: nervous system is organized more in a female like fashion
The activation component comes later on as adults: typical males produce androgens + estrogens+ progesterone but more so androgens and that impacts the previously organized nervous system
In females as adults: ovaries produce estrogens + progesterone, those hormones impact nervous system that developed in female like fashion giving rise to behavior like lordosis

Females given androgens prenatally: develop in male like fashion

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9
Q

according to the organization/activational hypothesis (2) :

A
  1. Hormones early in development act to differentiate the nervous system
    (organizational)
  2. Hormones act on these differentiated circuits later in life to drive behaviors in a
    certain sex-typical manner (activational)
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10
Q

In rodents, most behaviors are masculinized by (what and time):

A

androgen exposure before day 10 of age

no androgen exposure before day 10: will develop in female like fashion

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11
Q

in rodents according to organizational/activational hypothesis masculine behaviours are activated __

A

in adulthood by androgens

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12
Q

in rodents according to organizational/activation hypothesis feminine behaviours are __

A

activated in adulthood by estrogens + progesterone

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13
Q

in rodents, androgens are __ for the masculinization of neural sysems

A

in rodents androgens are NOT responsible for the masculinization of neural systems

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14
Q

testosterone can be converted to DHT via

A

reductase

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15
Q

testosterone can be converted to estradiol via

A

aromatase (aromatization)

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16
Q

While fetus is growing in utero mother is producing many hormones of her own (androgens, estrogens, progesterones)
Why are mothers hormones not feminizing male fetus?

A

Offspring of any sex have proteins made in liver that are ultimately degraded in liver as well that bind to estrogen in the blood: when they bind to estrogen estrogen can not go inside neurons and create change: this “trapping” of estrogen happens in both males and females: mothers hormone can not masculinize growing fetuses system because estrogen captured by proteins**

17
Q

α and β Estrogen Receptors differently affect sexual behavior in male mice.
* Only __ mice fail to display typical male sexual behaviors.

A

αβERKO
(knockout of both receptors)

18
Q

two estrogen receptors: alpha and beta: which typically involved in what

A

Alpha involved in masculinization
Beta in defeminization

19
Q
  • What hormone(s) masculinize/defeminize the human brain?
A

In humans its androgens (NOT androgens converted into estrogens)

We know this because Individuals who have mutation in aromatase still show male typical behaviour so its not estradiol

20
Q

William Young wanted to understand

A

the behavioral differences in response to hormones (androgens)

21
Q

Young’s hypothesis:

A

Perhaps critical period in hormone exposure could underlie the different behavioral patterns observed in adulthood

22
Q

Neurons that have aromatase inside them can be found in

23
Q

estrogen receptors: how many alpha isoforms:

24
Q

estrogen receptors: how many beta isoforms

25
alpha estrogen receptors involved in
masculinization
26