Lesson 1 Human Organism: Chemical Basis Of Life

Question 1

What is the chemical level of organization in the human body?

Answer 1

Interaction of atoms.

Question 2

Define the cell level of organization.

Answer 2

Structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Question 3

What does the tissue level of organization consist of?

Answer 3

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

Question 4

What is the organ level of organization?

Answer 4

One or more tissues functioning together.

Question 5

Define the organ system level of organization.

Answer 5

Group of organs functioning together.

Question 6

What is the organism level of organization?

Answer 6

Any living thing.

Question 7

What does ‘organization’ refer to in the characteristics of life?

Answer 7

Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions.

Question 8

Define metabolism in the context of life.

Answer 8

All chemical reactions of the body.

Question 9

What is responsiveness in terms of the characteristics of life?

Answer 9

Ability to sense changes and adjust.

Question 10

What does growth refer to in biological terms?

Answer 10

Increase in size and/or number of cells.

Question 11

Define development in the context of living organisms.

Answer 11

Changes in an organism over time.

Question 12

What is differentiation?

Answer 12

Change from general to specific.

Question 13

What does morphogenesis refer to?

Answer 13

Change in shape of tissues, organs.

Question 14

Define reproduction in biological terms.

Answer 14

New cells or new organisms.

Question 15

What is homeostasis?

Answer 15

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body.

Question 16

What are variables in the context of homeostasis?

Answer 16

Conditions that fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.

Question 17

What is a set point?

Answer 17

The ideal normal value of a variable.

Question 18

True or False: Negative feedback regulates most systems in the body.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

What role does the receptor play in negative feedback?

Answer 19

Monitors the value of some variable.

Question 20

What is the function of the control center in negative feedback?

Answer 20

Establishes the set point.

Question 21

What is the effector in the context of negative feedback?

Answer 21

Can change the value of the variable.

Question 22

What is a stimulus in negative feedback mechanisms?

Answer 22

Deviation from the set point detected by the receptor.

Question 23

What happens during positive feedback?

Answer 23

Response makes the deviation greater.

Question 24

True or False: Positive feedback is common in healthy individuals.

Answer 24

False.

Question 25

Provide an example of normal positive feedback.

Answer 25

Childbirth.

Question 26

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 26

Significant drop in blood pressure upon standing.

Question 27

What happens to blood pressure when a person moves from lying down to standing?

Answer 27

Blood 'pools' within the veins below the heart, resulting in a drop in blood pressure.

Question 28

What are some causes of orthostatic hypotension in older individuals?

Answer 28

Age-related decreases in neural and cardiovascular responses, decreased fluid intake, dehydration.

Question 29

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 29

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.

Question 30

Define the term 'supine'.

Answer 30

Lying face upward.

Question 31

What does 'prone' mean?

Answer 31

Lying face downward.

Question 32

Differentiate between superior and inferior.

Answer 32

Superior is toward the head; inferior is away from the head.

Question 33

What is the difference between medial and lateral?

Answer 33

Medial is relative to the midline; lateral is away from the midline.

Question 34

Explain the terms proximal and distal.

Answer 34

Proximal is closer to the trunk; distal is farther from the trunk.

Question 35

What do superficial and deep refer to?

Answer 35

Superficial is relative to the surface of the body; deep is further from the surface.

Question 36

What does anterior mean?

Answer 36

Toward the front of the body.

Question 37

Define posterior.

Answer 37

Toward the back of the body.

Question 38

What does a sagittal plane do?

Answer 38

Divides body into left and right portions.

Question 39

What is a median plane?

Answer 39

A sagittal plane down the midline of the body.

Question 40

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

Answer 40

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Question 41

What is the function of the transverse (horizontal) plane?

Answer 41

Divides body into superior and inferior sections.

Question 42

What is the definition of a longitudinal cut?

Answer 42

Cut along the length of an organ.

Question 43

What is a transverse (cross) cut?

Answer 43

Cut at a right angle to the length of the organ.

Question 44

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

Answer 44

Cranial cavity houses the brain; vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.

Question 45

What is contained within the thoracic cavity?

Answer 45

Pleural cavities (each enclosing a lung) and a medial mediastinum (containing the heart).

Question 46

What does the abdominopelvic cavity consist of?

Answer 46

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Question 47

What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 47

Many digestive organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver) and spleen.

Question 48

What organs are located in the pelvic cavity?

Answer 48

Urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs.

Question 49

What are serous membranes?

Answer 49

Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity.

Question 50

What does the pericardium surround?

Answer 50

Surrounds the heart.

Question 51

What is the function of the pleura?

Answer 51

Surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.

Question 52

What does the peritoneum surround?

Answer 52

Surrounds many abdominal organs and lines the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 53

Define pericarditis.

Answer 53

Inflammation of the serous pericardium.

Question 54

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 54

Condition where fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity, compressing the heart.

Question 55

What can cause cardiac tamponade?

Answer 55

Rupture of the heart wall, rupture of blood vessels, damage due to radiation therapy, trauma.

Question 56

How can an organ be located within the abdominopelvic cavity but not be within the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 56

Some organs may be retroperitoneal, meaning they lie behind the peritoneum.