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Prelim RMG0 32 > Lesson 1: Introduction to Mammography > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Introduction to Mammography Flashcards

1
Q

the most treatable cancer

A

breast cancer

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2
Q

this malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed towards developing screening and early detections methods

A

breast cancer

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3
Q

breast cancer is said to be _____ and _____

A

emotional; biologic

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4
Q

the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radial mastectomy

A

mammography

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5
Q

year and name:

he introduced radial masectomy

A

1898
Halstead

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6
Q

primary goal of mammography

A

to detect breast cancer before it is palpable

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7
Q

the combination of _____, _____, and _____ has resulted in a steady increase in survival rates

A

early detection; diagnosis; treatment

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8
Q

year:

a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman

their thoughts and discussions turned toward speculation about the ability to x-ray the breast to locate tumors

A

1924

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9
Q

he was the father of mammography

A

Robert Egan, M.D.

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10
Q

year and name:

while working at M.D. Anderson Hospital, he developed and refined techniques that significantly improved the effectiveness and acceptance of mammography as a tool for early detection of breast cancer

A

1960s
Robert Egan, M.D.

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11
Q

year and name:

a German physician, reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers

A

1913
Dr. Soloman

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12
Q

year and name:

using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread

A

1913
Dr. Soloman

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13
Q

year and name:

he made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors

A

1927
Otto Kleinschmidt

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14
Q

publications on mammography appeared in _____, _____, and _____ but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest

A

South America; United States; Europe

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15
Q

year:

publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest

A

1930s

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16
Q

year:

mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinement as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high detail, industrial-grade x-ray film

A

mid 1950s

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17
Q

year and name:

they introduced and popularized xerography

A

1960s
Wolfe and Ruzicka

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18
Q

this substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film

A

xerography

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19
Q

year:

the first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time

A

1960s

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20
Q

they first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster speed x-ray film, and an intensifying screen

as a result, radiation exposure to the patient was reduced even more

A

DuPont Company

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21
Q

year:

the BCDDP was implemented

A

1973

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22
Q

what does BCDDP stand for?

A

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

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23
Q

in this project, 288,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States

A

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)

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24
Q

they organized the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

A

American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)

25
Q

this project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could provide an early diagnosis

A

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)

26
Q

year and name:

they improved screen-film combinations

A

1975
Kodak and DuPont

27
Q

year:

by this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures

since then, fast lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced

A

1975

28
Q

year:

the MQSA was implemented

A

1992

29
Q

what does MQSA stands for?

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act

30
Q

this was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act (MSQA)

31
Q

year:

public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected

A

mid 1970s

32
Q

breast cancer risk factors (3)

A
  • age
  • hormonal history
  • family history
33
Q

the incidence of breast cancer _____ with age

A

increases

34
Q

hormones influence the glandular tissue of the breast during _____, _____, and _____; however, hormone levels decline at the onset of _____

A

breast development; pregnancy; lactation
menopause

35
Q

the glandular breast tissue is more _____ to carcinogens during menarche

A

sensitive

36
Q

the glandular breast tissue is more sensitive to carcinogens during _____

A

menarche

37
Q

high risk women include those with _____, _____, _____, and ______

A

early menses; late menopause; first birth after age 30 years; nulliparity

38
Q

a woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at _____ risk of developing the disease

A

higher

39
Q

studies have shown that only _____ of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease

A

13.6%

40
Q

these are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both male and females

A

breast (mammary glands)

41
Q

this divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components

A

breast (mammary glands)

42
Q

the breast are rudimentary and without function

A

male breast

43
Q

they are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation

A

male breast

44
Q

a secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by producing and secreting milk during lactation

A

female breast

45
Q

this can vary considerably in size and shape, depending on the amount of fat and glandular tissue and the condition of the suspensory ligaments

A

female breast

46
Q

it is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

A

breast

47
Q

these muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane

A

pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

48
Q

an additional portion of breast tissue which extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa

A

axillary prolongation or axillary tail

49
Q

the breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the _____

A

areola

50
Q

this supports the breast, it is a suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin

A

cooper’s ligament

51
Q

it is the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of firmness

A

cooper’s ligament

52
Q

an adult female breast consists of _____ to _____ lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial

A

15; 20

53
Q

the basic structural units of the breast

A

lobules

54
Q

this contains the glandular elements or acini

A

lobules

55
Q

important considerations in mammography (3)

A
  • breast anatomay and patient body habitus
  • cassette size
  • natural mobility of the breast
56
Q

it contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation

A

post pubertal adolescent breast

57
Q

the development of glandular tissue _____ radiographic contrast

A

decrease

58
Q

significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast

this change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque

A

during pregnancy

Prelim RMG0 32 (2 decks)

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