Lesson 1: Introduction to Mammography

Question 1

the most treatable cancer

Answer 1

breast cancer

Question 2

this malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed towards developing screening and early detections methods

Answer 2

breast cancer

Question 3

breast cancer is said to be _____ and _____

Answer 3

emotional; biologic

Question 4

the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radial mastectomy

Answer 4

mammography

Question 5

year and name:

he introduced radial masectomy

Answer 5

1898
Halstead

Question 6

primary goal of mammography

Answer 6

to detect breast cancer before it is palpable

Question 7

the combination of _____, _____, and _____ has resulted in a steady increase in survival rates

Answer 7

early detection; diagnosis; treatment

Question 8

year:

a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman

their thoughts and discussions turned toward speculation about the ability to x-ray the breast to locate tumors

Answer 8

1924

Question 9

he was the father of mammography

Answer 9

Robert Egan, M.D.

Question 10

year and name:

while working at M.D. Anderson Hospital, he developed and refined techniques that significantly improved the effectiveness and acceptance of mammography as a tool for early detection of breast cancer

Answer 10

1960s
Robert Egan, M.D.

Question 11

year and name:

a German physician, reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers

Answer 11

1913
Dr. Soloman

Question 12

year and name:

using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread

Answer 12

1913
Dr. Soloman

Question 13

year and name:

he made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors

Answer 13

1927
Otto Kleinschmidt

Question 14

publications on mammography appeared in _____, _____, and _____ but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest

Answer 14

South America; United States; Europe

Question 15

year:

publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest

Answer 15

1930s

Question 16

year:

mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinement as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high detail, industrial-grade x-ray film

Answer 16

mid 1950s

Question 17

year and name:

they introduced and popularized xerography

Answer 17

1960s
Wolfe and Ruzicka

Question 18

this substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film

Answer 18

xerography

Question 19

year:

the first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time

Answer 19

1960s

Question 20

they first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster speed x-ray film, and an intensifying screen

as a result, radiation exposure to the patient was reduced even more

Answer 20

DuPont Company

Question 21

year:

the BCDDP was implemented

Answer 21

1973

Question 22

what does BCDDP stand for?

Answer 22

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

Question 23

in this project, 288,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States

Answer 23

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)

Question 24

they organized the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

Answer 24

American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Question 25

this project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could provide an early diagnosis

Answer 25

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)

Question 26

year and name: they improved screen-film combinations

Answer 26

1975 Kodak and DuPont

Question 27

year: by this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures since then, fast lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced

Answer 27

1975

Question 28

year: the MQSA was implemented

Answer 28

1992

Question 29

what does MQSA stands for?

Answer 29

Mammography Quality Standards Act

Question 30

this was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs

Answer 30

Mammography Quality Standards Act (MSQA)

Question 31

year: public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected

Answer 31

mid 1970s

Question 32

breast cancer risk factors (3)

Answer 32

- age - hormonal history - family history

Question 33

the incidence of breast cancer _____ with age

Answer 33

increases

Question 34

hormones influence the glandular tissue of the breast during _____, _____, and _____; however, hormone levels decline at the onset of _____

Answer 34

breast development; pregnancy; lactation menopause

Question 35

the glandular breast tissue is more _____ to carcinogens during menarche

Answer 35

sensitive

Question 36

the glandular breast tissue is more sensitive to carcinogens during _____

Answer 36

menarche

Question 37

high risk women include those with _____, _____, _____, and ______

Answer 37

early menses; late menopause; first birth after age 30 years; nulliparity

Question 38

a woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at _____ risk of developing the disease

Answer 38

higher

Question 39

studies have shown that only _____ of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease

Answer 39

13.6%

Question 40

these are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both male and females

Answer 40

breast (mammary glands)

Question 41

this divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components

Answer 41

breast (mammary glands)

Question 42

the breast are rudimentary and without function

Answer 42

male breast

Question 43

they are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation

Answer 43

male breast

Question 44

a secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by producing and secreting milk during lactation

Answer 44

female breast

Question 45

this can vary considerably in size and shape, depending on the amount of fat and glandular tissue and the condition of the suspensory ligaments

Answer 45

female breast

Question 46

it is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

Answer 46

breast

Question 47

these muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane

Answer 47

pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

Question 48

an additional portion of breast tissue which extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa

Answer 48

axillary prolongation or axillary tail

Question 49

the breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the _____

Answer 49

areola

Question 50

this supports the breast, it is a suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin

Answer 50

cooper's ligament

Question 51

it is the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of firmness

Answer 51

cooper's ligament

Question 52

an adult female breast consists of _____ to _____ lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial

Answer 52

15; 20

Question 53

the basic structural units of the breast

Answer 53

lobules

Question 54

this contains the glandular elements or acini

Answer 54

lobules

Question 55

important considerations in mammography (3)

Answer 55

- breast anatomay and patient body habitus - cassette size - natural mobility of the breast

Question 56

it contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation

Answer 56

post pubertal adolescent breast

Question 57

the development of glandular tissue _____ radiographic contrast

Answer 57

decrease

Question 58

significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast this change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque

Answer 58

during pregnancy