Lesson 2: Film-Screen/Analog Mammography Flashcards

(87 cards)

1
Q

they established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen-film mammography

A

National Councill on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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2
Q

what does NCRP stands for?

A

National Councill on Radiation Protection and Measurements

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3
Q

the most important ability – understand and master these factors to produce consistent, high contrast, diagnostic images

A

performance

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4
Q

basic considerations for equipment

A
  • space
  • portability
  • electrical requirements
  • ergonomics
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5
Q

C-ARM:

the range of vertical movement should
accommodate both _____ (approximately _____) and those _____.

A

tall women; 6 ft; who needs to sit

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6
Q

C-ARM:

minimum range of travel is _____ to _____ cm above the floor

A

66; 140

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7
Q

C-ARM:

it should rotate at least _____ degrees

A

180

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8
Q

C-ARM:

the point at which the C-arm connects to the tower/collar should be _____ designed so that when moving from the _____ position to the _____ position, the height does not need to be adjusted

A

isocentrically; craniocaudal; oblique

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9
Q

the controls on both sides of the C-arm which provides easy access for the technologist to adjust the height of the C-arm and raise and lower the compression device while the client is being positioned

A

electronic controls

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10
Q

this should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position

A

grips or handles

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11
Q

compression device-to-receptor distance should allow adequate space when: (3)

A
  • positioning an obese woman for an oblique view
  • magnifying an area in a large breast
  • raising the compression device over the needle during preoperative localizations
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12
Q

this area of the unit should remain as small as possible to facilitate positioning of the client’s head for the craniocaudal view and during magnification views

A

tube housing or face shield

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13
Q

this is used for the vertical movement of the C-arm and the compression device to free the hands of the technologist while positioning

A

foot controls

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14
Q

FOOT CONTROLS:

the amount of compression exerted by the foot pedal control should be _____

A

minimal

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15
Q

FOOT CONTROLS:

the final compression of the breast should be done using a _____

A

hand-controlled device

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16
Q

this permit fast and easy exchange of different size film buckys or cassettes

A

image receptor support device (ISRD)

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17
Q

IMAGE RECEPTOR SUPPORT DEVICE (ISRD):

both _____ and ______ imaging systems should be available to match the size of the receptor to the size of the breast being imaged

A

8 x 10 inches or 18 x 24 cm; 10 x 12 inches or 24 x 30 cm

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18
Q

it should be easy to read and to adjust

A

control panel

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19
Q

CONTROL PANEL:

all units must have _____

A

automatic exposure control (AEC)

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20
Q

CONTROL PANEL:

when the exposure has ended, the control panel should indicate the _____ used

A

exposure factor

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21
Q

DENSITY SELECTION:

at least _____ density adjustment steps should be available

A

nine (9)

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22
Q

DENSITY SELECTION:

there should be a _____ to _____% difference in optical density between steps

A

10; 15

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23
Q

KILOVOLTAGE:

molybdenum target units: range of at least _____ to _____ kVp in no greater than _____ kVp increments

A

24; 32; 1

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24
Q

KILOVOLTAGE:

rhodium target units: range of at least _____ to _____ kVp in no greater than _____ kVp increments

A

28; 38; 1

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25
MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION: this may be _____ or _____
fixed; variable
26
MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION: if the mA value automatically decreases while increasing the kVp, it should occur _____ the range of settings routinely used for screen–film mammography – the _____ to _____ kVp range
outside; 25; 30
27
TIME SELECTION: the grid is not “caught in motion” when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast
short exposures
28
TIME SELECTION: the time setting must surpass the reciprocity law failure of the recording system
long exposures
29
SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE: standard imaging SID
55 cm
30
SOURCE- IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE: magnification imaging SID
60 cm
31
this is required if the equipment has preoperative needle localization capabilities
side-loading cassette holder or bucky
32
NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY: the compression device for needle localization either has a series of _____ or a large _____
concentric holes; rectangular cutout
33
FIELD LIGHT: brightness of the light source should be _____
160 LUX or higher
34
FIELD LIGHT: misalignment of the x-ray/light field can be a maximum of _____ of the SID
2%
35
ALIGNMENT: the _____, _____, and _____ must be aligned perfectly at the chest wall edge to ensure that all posterior breast tissue is included
focal spot; compression device; image receptor
36
ALIGNMENT: misaligned focal spots are caused by _____ and must be calibratef by the _____
machine defect; service engineer
37
AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION: units must have a _____ that indicates the technical factors used
post exposure display
38
the benefit of this mode is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to reduce.motion blurring and/or client dose, but without compromising the image quality
automatic technique selection
39
the benefit of this mode is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to _____ and/or _____, but without compromising the image quality
reduce motion blurring; client dose
40
EXPOSURE CONTROL: the operator can make an exposure only when ______ of the x-ray field
completely outside
41
RADIATION SHIELD: equivalent attenuation to at least _____ of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp
0.08 mm
42
RADIATION SHIELD: equivalent attenuation to at least 0.08 mm of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp, this is to limit operator exposure to well below _____ based on _____, _____
0.1 mSv/week; 40 patients/day; 5 days/week
43
this terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator
back up timer
44
suggested limits for back up timer
- minimum: 250 mAs - maximum: 600 mAs - magnification mode requirements will be different
45
this device must maintain consistent optical density darkening of the film regardless of the kVp setting used, thickness of the compressed breast, and/or ratio of glandular-to-adipose components
automatic exposure control
46
increase mAs = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
increase; no effect; no effect; no effect
47
increase kVp = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
increase; decrease; no effect; no effect
48
increase SID = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
decrease; increase; increase; decrease
49
increase OID = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
decrease; increase; decrease; increase
50
increase patient thickness = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
decrease; decrease; no effect; no effect
51
increase film speed = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
increase; increase; decrease; no effect
52
increase motion = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion
no effect; no effect; decrease; no effect
53
safelight filters should be changed _____, every _____ to _____ years, as they deteriorate with time and use
periodically; 1; 2
54
SAFELIGHT: filter used and examples
for green light-sensitive films; kodak GBX-2 and wratten 1 or 2
55
SAFELIGHT: distance
at least 4 ft. above the work area
56
SAFELIGHT: bulb wattage for overhead ceiling fixture
no more than 15 watts
57
SAFELIGHT: bulb wattage for closer fixtures
7.5 watts
58
major factor that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image (3)
- temperature - humidity - ventilation
59
TEMPERATURE: darkroom
approximately 70°F
60
TEMPERATURE: excessive heat = _____
emulsion soften and is more susceptible to scratching
61
TEMPERATURE: cooler temperature = _____
emulsion crack and peel
62
HUMIDITY: darkroom
between 30 to 50%
63
HUMIDITY: too dry (less than 30%) = _____
static marks
64
HUMIDITY: too moist (above 50%): ______
small droplets of water from the air may cling to the film and cause the emulsion to clump, image will appear as if misted with ink
65
VENTILATION: poor airflow to the processor
streaking and mottling of emulsion
66
VENTILATION: poor exhaust ventilation in the darkroom
buildup of chemical fumes, which may lead to chronic headaches and nausea
67
the darkroom’s nemesis, particularly to darkrooms that process mammographic film
dust
68
they can obscure an area of minute calcifications, or can mimic cancer, which can lead to misdiagnosis
dust
69
DUST MANAGEMENT: shelving for film storage within the darkroom should have _____, without _____; this keeps the amount of space dust can settle on to a _____
doors; protruding handles; minimum
70
DUST MANAGEMENT: air conditioning systems should be serviced _____, and filters replaced _____, to avoid emission of precipitates from within the system
regularly; routinely
71
PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE: two rules to obtain maximum quality
- install and operate the processor as the manufacturer suggest - clean, maintain, and monitor every processor on a routine basis
72
this is monitored as a part of quality assurance program because improper solution replenishment can be detrimental to film quality
chemical replenishment
73
CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT: chemical tank levels should be checked ______
periodically
74
CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT: the tanks would then need to be _____, _____, and _____, and the _____ cleaned.
emptied; cleaned; refilled; transport roller racks
75
DEDICATED PROCESSING: most mammographic film used is _____
single emulsion
76
DEDICATED PROCESSING: dedicating a processor specifically for the use of single emulsion films can reduce the risk of _____, and in some instances, as with extended processing, can control the _____ and _____.
processor-related damage; film contrast; speed
77
DEDICATED PROCESSING: in a processor that is dedicated to only single-emulsion films, less processor related damage will occur if all the films are fed through the processor in the _____
same orientation
78
artifacts that occur during the processing procedure, within the processor, by one or more of the processor’s components this includes roller marks, guide shoe marks, chatter, run back, and more
processing artifacts
79
PROCESSING ARTIFACTS: ______ or _____ can cause a repeating artifact on films that will run parallel to the direction of film travel
improperly cleaned; worn rollers
80
PROCESSING ARTIFACTS: film also demonstrate ______ caused by improperly adjusted guide shoes
guide shoe marks
81
ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS: low humidity = _____
static artifacts
82
ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS high humidity = ______
splotch in the image
83
ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS: improper ventilation of darkroom and processor can cause ______ on entrance rollers that will be transferred onto the film
condensation
84
the appearance this artifact may vary from one manufacturer to another and one film type to another
film-screen handling artifacts
85
FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS: bending of film before exposure = ______
minus density artifact
86
FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS: _____ on the film can also cause artifacts; handle films by the _____ while loading and unloading cassettes
fingerprints; edges
87
occasionally, something not meant to be imaged will inadvertently show up on the film in mammography, these could include the patient’s nose, chin or ear, fingers, a necklace, or an examination gown
positioning artifacts