Lesson 2: Film-Screen/Analog Mammography Flashcards by REBECCA ELLAINE SANCHEZ

they established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen-film mammography

National Councill on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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what does NCRP stands for?

National Councill on Radiation Protection and Measurements

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the most important ability – understand and master these factors to produce consistent, high contrast, diagnostic images

performance

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basic considerations for equipment

space
portability
electrical requirements
ergonomics

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C-ARM:

the range of vertical movement should
accommodate both _____ (approximately _____) and those _____.

tall women; 6 ft; who needs to sit

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C-ARM:

minimum range of travel is _____ to _____ cm above the floor

66; 140

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C-ARM:

it should rotate at least _____ degrees

180

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C-ARM:

the point at which the C-arm connects to the tower/collar should be _____ designed so that when moving from the _____ position to the _____ position, the height does not need to be adjusted

isocentrically; craniocaudal; oblique

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the controls on both sides of the C-arm which provides easy access for the technologist to adjust the height of the C-arm and raise and lower the compression device while the client is being positioned

electronic controls

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this should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position

grips or handles

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compression device-to-receptor distance should allow adequate space when: (3)

positioning an obese woman for an oblique view
magnifying an area in a large breast
raising the compression device over the needle during preoperative localizations

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this area of the unit should remain as small as possible to facilitate positioning of the client’s head for the craniocaudal view and during magnification views

tube housing or face shield

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this is used for the vertical movement of the C-arm and the compression device to free the hands of the technologist while positioning

foot controls

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FOOT CONTROLS:

the amount of compression exerted by the foot pedal control should be _____

minimal

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FOOT CONTROLS:

the final compression of the breast should be done using a _____

hand-controlled device

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this permit fast and easy exchange of different size film buckys or cassettes

image receptor support device (ISRD)

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IMAGE RECEPTOR SUPPORT DEVICE (ISRD):

both _____ and ______ imaging systems should be available to match the size of the receptor to the size of the breast being imaged

8 x 10 inches or 18 x 24 cm; 10 x 12 inches or 24 x 30 cm

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it should be easy to read and to adjust

control panel

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CONTROL PANEL:

all units must have _____

automatic exposure control (AEC)

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CONTROL PANEL:

when the exposure has ended, the control panel should indicate the _____ used

exposure factor

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DENSITY SELECTION:

at least _____ density adjustment steps should be available

nine (9)

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DENSITY SELECTION:

there should be a _____ to _____% difference in optical density between steps

10; 15

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KILOVOLTAGE:

molybdenum target units: range of at least _____ to _____ kVp in no greater than _____ kVp increments

24; 32; 1

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KILOVOLTAGE:

rhodium target units: range of at least _____ to _____ kVp in no greater than _____ kVp increments

28; 38; 1

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MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION: this may be _____ or _____

fixed; variable

MILLIAMPERAGE SELECTION: if the mA value automatically decreases while increasing the kVp, it should occur _____ the range of settings routinely used for screen–film mammography – the _____ to _____ kVp range

outside; 25; 30

TIME SELECTION: the grid is not “caught in motion” when using a grid on a thin adipose-replaced breast

short exposures

TIME SELECTION: the time setting must surpass the reciprocity law failure of the recording system

long exposures

SOURCE-IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE: standard imaging SID

55 cm

SOURCE- IMAGE DETECTOR DISTANCE: magnification imaging SID

60 cm

this is required if the equipment has preoperative needle localization capabilities

side-loading cassette holder or bucky

NEEDLE LOCALIZATION CAPABILITY: the compression device for needle localization either has a series of _____ or a large _____

concentric holes; rectangular cutout

FIELD LIGHT: brightness of the light source should be _____

160 LUX or higher

FIELD LIGHT: misalignment of the x-ray/light field can be a maximum of _____ of the SID

ALIGNMENT: the _____, _____, and _____ must be aligned perfectly at the chest wall edge to ensure that all posterior breast tissue is included

focal spot; compression device; image receptor

ALIGNMENT: misaligned focal spots are caused by _____ and must be calibratef by the _____

machine defect; service engineer

AUTOMATIC TECHNIQUE SELECTION: units must have a _____ that indicates the technical factors used

post exposure display

the benefit of this mode is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to reduce.motion blurring and/or client dose, but without compromising the image quality

automatic technique selection

the benefit of this mode is to produce an image using an acceptable length of exposure time to _____ and/or _____, but without compromising the image quality

reduce motion blurring; client dose

EXPOSURE CONTROL: the operator can make an exposure only when ______ of the x-ray field

completely outside

RADIATION SHIELD: equivalent attenuation to at least _____ of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp

0.08 mm

RADIATION SHIELD: equivalent attenuation to at least 0.08 mm of lead at 35 kVp or the maximum kVp, this is to limit operator exposure to well below _____ based on _____, _____

0.1 mSv/week; 40 patients/day; 5 days/week

this terminates the exposure with a sound or visual indicator

back up timer

suggested limits for back up timer

- minimum: 250 mAs - maximum: 600 mAs - magnification mode requirements will be different

this device must maintain consistent optical density darkening of the film regardless of the kVp setting used, thickness of the compressed breast, and/or ratio of glandular-to-adipose components

automatic exposure control

increase mAs = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

increase; no effect; no effect; no effect

increase kVp = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

increase; decrease; no effect; no effect

increase SID = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

decrease; increase; increase; decrease

increase OID = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

decrease; increase; decrease; increase

increase patient thickness = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

decrease; decrease; no effect; no effect

increase film speed = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

increase; increase; decrease; no effect

increase motion = _____ density = _____ contrast = _____ detail = _____ distortion

no effect; no effect; decrease; no effect

safelight filters should be changed _____, every _____ to _____ years, as they deteriorate with time and use

periodically; 1; 2

SAFELIGHT: filter used and examples

for green light-sensitive films; kodak GBX-2 and wratten 1 or 2

SAFELIGHT: distance

at least 4 ft. above the work area

SAFELIGHT: bulb wattage for overhead ceiling fixture

no more than 15 watts

SAFELIGHT: bulb wattage for closer fixtures

7.5 watts

major factor that influence obtaining a quality radiographic image (3)

- temperature - humidity - ventilation

TEMPERATURE: darkroom

approximately 70°F

TEMPERATURE: excessive heat = _____

emulsion soften and is more susceptible to scratching

TEMPERATURE: cooler temperature = _____

emulsion crack and peel

HUMIDITY: darkroom

between 30 to 50%

HUMIDITY: too dry (less than 30%) = _____

static marks

HUMIDITY: too moist (above 50%): ______

small droplets of water from the air may cling to the film and cause the emulsion to clump, image will appear as if misted with ink

VENTILATION: poor airflow to the processor

streaking and mottling of emulsion

VENTILATION: poor exhaust ventilation in the darkroom

buildup of chemical fumes, which may lead to chronic headaches and nausea

the darkroom’s nemesis, particularly to darkrooms that process mammographic film

dust

they can obscure an area of minute calcifications, or can mimic cancer, which can lead to misdiagnosis

dust

DUST MANAGEMENT: shelving for film storage within the darkroom should have _____, without _____; this keeps the amount of space dust can settle on to a _____

doors; protruding handles; minimum

DUST MANAGEMENT: air conditioning systems should be serviced _____, and filters replaced _____, to avoid emission of precipitates from within the system

regularly; routinely

PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE: two rules to obtain maximum quality

- install and operate the processor as the manufacturer suggest - clean, maintain, and monitor every processor on a routine basis

this is monitored as a part of quality assurance program because improper solution replenishment can be detrimental to film quality

chemical replenishment

CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT: chemical tank levels should be checked ______

periodically

CHEMICAL REPLENISHMENT: the tanks would then need to be _____, _____, and _____, and the _____ cleaned.

emptied; cleaned; refilled; transport roller racks

DEDICATED PROCESSING: most mammographic film used is _____

single emulsion

DEDICATED PROCESSING: dedicating a processor specifically for the use of single emulsion films can reduce the risk of _____, and in some instances, as with extended processing, can control the _____ and _____.

processor-related damage; film contrast; speed

DEDICATED PROCESSING: in a processor that is dedicated to only single-emulsion films, less processor related damage will occur if all the films are fed through the processor in the _____

same orientation

artifacts that occur during the processing procedure, within the processor, by one or more of the processor’s components this includes roller marks, guide shoe marks, chatter, run back, and more

processing artifacts

PROCESSING ARTIFACTS: ______ or _____ can cause a repeating artifact on films that will run parallel to the direction of film travel

improperly cleaned; worn rollers

PROCESSING ARTIFACTS: film also demonstrate ______ caused by improperly adjusted guide shoes

guide shoe marks

ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS: low humidity = _____

static artifacts

ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS high humidity = ______

splotch in the image

ENVIRONMENTAL ARTIFACTS: improper ventilation of darkroom and processor can cause ______ on entrance rollers that will be transferred onto the film

condensation

the appearance this artifact may vary from one manufacturer to another and one film type to another

film-screen handling artifacts

FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS: bending of film before exposure = ______

minus density artifact

FILM AND SCREEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS: _____ on the film can also cause artifacts; handle films by the _____ while loading and unloading cassettes

fingerprints; edges

occasionally, something not meant to be imaged will inadvertently show up on the film in mammography, these could include the patient’s nose, chin or ear, fingers, a necklace, or an examination gown

positioning artifacts

Lesson 2: Film-Screen/Analog Mammography Flashcards

(87 cards)