Lesson 1 (PRELIMS) Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Key Facts: Breast Cancer caused _____ deaths globally in 2022
A
670,000
2
Q
Key Facts: Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in _____ with no specific risk factors other that sex and age.
A
Women
3
Q
Key Facts: Breast Cancer was the most common cancer in women in ___ countries out of ___ in 2022.
A
157 countries out of 185
4
Q
Key Facts: Breast Cancer occurs in _____ country in the world
A
Every
5
Q
Key Facts: Approximately _____% of Breast Cancers occur in _____.
A
0.5-1%; men
6
Q
Estimated New Cases of Cancer
Female:
1.
2.
Male:
1.
2.
A
Female:
1. Breast 30% (268,600)
2. Lung & Bronchus 13% (111,710)
Male:
1. Prostate 20% (174,650)
2. Lung & Bronchus 13% (116,440)
7
Q
Estimated Deaths of Cancer
Female:
1.
2.
Male:
1.
2.
A
Female:
1. Lung & Bronchus 23% (66,020)
2. Breast 15% (41,760)
Male:
1. Lung & Bronchus 24% (76,650)
2. Prostate 10% (31,620)
8
Q
Leading cancer types causing death in men, 2022
A
- Lung, trachea and bronchus
- Prostate
9
Q
Leading cancer types causing death in women, 2022
A
- Lung, Trachea and Bronchus
- Breast
10
Q
Breast Cancer is the _____ leading cause of death from cancer in women.
A
2nd
11
Q
Major risk factors of breast cancer
A
- Female sex
- Advancing age
12
Q
_____ women will develop breast cancer vs Men: Lifetime risk is _____
A
1 in 8
1 in 1,000
13
Q
Risk doubles with _____ relative with breast cancer
A
first-degree
14
Q
___% of cases are _____
___% due to ______
A
85% of cases are Sporadic.
5-10% due to genetic mutation.
15
Q
A radiographic examination of the breast.
A
Mammography
16
Q
The process of using low-energy x-ray to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening.
A
Mammography
17
Q
Goal of mammography
A
Early detection of breast cancer
18
Q
Only muscle and fat are imaged
A
Soft Tissue Radiography
19
Q
Designed to enhance differential absorption in these very similar tissues
Example: _____
A
Soft Tissue Radiography
Mammography
20
Q
History of Mammography: In _____, _____ a German physician, reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers. Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.
A
1913, Dr. Soloman
21
Q
History of Mammography: As a distinct type of radiographic image, mammography was first attempted in the _____s.
A
1913, Dr. Soloman
1920
22
Q
History of Mammography: In _____, _____ made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.
A
1927, Otto Kleinschmidt
23
Q
History of Mammography: In late _____s _____ renewed interest in mammography with his demonstration of a successful technique that used low kilovoltage peak (kVp) high milliampre seconds (mAs) and direct film exposure.
A
1950’s Robert Egan
24
Q
History of Mammography: In _____s _____ showed that Xenomammography was superior to direct film exposure at much lower patient radiation dose. Spatial resolution and contrast resolution were much improved because of _____.
A
late 1960’s Wolf and Ruzicka
characteristics edge
25
History of Mammography: Photoelectric method of recording a x-ray image on a coated metal plate, using low-energy photon beams, long exposure time and dry chemical developer.
late 1960’s Wolf and Ruzicka
Xenomammography
26
History of Mammography: _____–first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster-speed x-ray film and an intensifying screen.
duPont Company
27
History of Mammography: _____- _____ was implemented. In this project, _____ women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for __ years at __ locations throughout the United States. Organized by the _____ (ACS) and the _____ (NCI)
1973 - The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)
280,000
5 years at 29
Organized by the American Cancer Society
National Cancer Institute
28
History of Mammography: In _____, _____ and _____ improved screen-film combinations. By this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.
1975, Kodak and duPont
29
History of Mammography: In _____, _____ was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.
1992, Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)
30
History of Mammography: In _____, the _____ reported the first reduction in breast cancer mortality in 50 years and this trend continues. With early mammographic diagnosis, more than _____% are cured.
1995, the National Cancer Institute
90%
31
History of Mammography: One most important consideration in the overall efficacy of mammography is _____ because radiation can _____ breast cancer as well as _____ it
patient radiation dose
cause
detect
32
Enumerate risk factor for breast cancer
1. Age
2. Family history
3. Genetics
4. Breast architecture
5. Menstruation
6. Menopause
7. Education
8. Socioeconomics
33
Risk factor for breast cancer: The incidence of breast cancer _____ with _____.
Age
increases
34
Risk factor for breast cancer: A woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease.
Family History
35
Risk factor for breast cancer: Presence of _____ or _____ gene.
Genetics
BRCA1 or BRCA2
36
Risk factor for breast cancer: Dense breast tissue, obesity.
Breast Architecture
37
Risk factor for breast cancer: Onset before age _____ years.
Menstruation
12
38
Risk factor for breast cancer: Onset after age _____ years.
Menopause
55
39
Risk factor for breast cancer: Prolonged use of ______.
Estrogen
40
Risk factor for breast cancer: _____ at birth of first child or ______ children.
Late age
no
41
Risk factor for breast cancer: Previous radiation therapy to the _____ at an _____ age.
chest at an early
42
Risk factor for breast cancer: Risk increases with higher level of _____.
Education
43
Risk factor for breast cancer: Risk increases with higher _____ status.
Socioeconomic
44
Types of Mammography: Performed on asymptomatic women with the use of a two-view protocol, usually _____ and _____, to detect an unsuspected cancer.
Screening Mammography
Medial lateral oblique and cranial caudad
45
Types of Mammography: Performed on patients with symptoms or elevated risk factor; ______ or _____ views of each breast may be required.
Diagnostic Mammography
Two or three
46
Enumerate standard techniques used for breast imaging
1. Screen film x-ray mammography
2. Real-time ultrasound
3. Other new techniques include
* MRI
* Color Doppler
* Contrast Ultrasound
* Digital Mammography
* Scintimammography
47
Difference between mammography and breast ultrasound
Mammography
- Specifically designed to target the breast region.
- Use radiation (albeit small amounts).
- Provide an image of the entire breast and often identify lumps that cannot be felt or externally seen.
Breast Ultrasound
- Used for almost all internal areas of the body.
- Utilize sound waves, meaning that patients are not exposed to harmful radiation.
- Extremely useful if a patient can feel a lump and the sonographer can place the camera directly over the suspected area.
48
Difference between mammography and breast MRI
Mammography
- Use radiation (albeit small amounts).
- Provide an image of the entire breast and often identify lumps that cannot be felt or externally seen.
Breast MRI
- No risk of radiation exposure because MRI’s use magnetic field to create images.
- More effective in detecting breast cancer in patient with dense breasts and patients with breast implants
49
Who recommends that women perform monthly breast self-examination
American Cancer Society (ACS)
50
_____ teaches a women to check her breast regularly for lumps, thickening of the skin, or any changes in size or shape.
Beginning at age of ___ years
Beginning at age of ___ years
American Cancer Society
Healthcare professional
20 years
35 years
51
Recommended Intervals for Breast Examination
Patient Age
1. <40 years
Self examination:
Physician physical examination:
X-ray mammography
- High risk
- Low risk
2. 40-49 years
Self examination:
Physician physical examination:
X-ray mammography
- High risk
- Low risk
3. >50 years
Self examination:
Physician physical examination:
X-ray mammography
- High risk
- Low risk
1. <40 years
Self examination: monthly (a)
Physician physical examination: annually (b)
X-ray mammography
- High risk: baseline
- Low risk: baseline
2. 40-49 years
Self examination: monthly
Physician physical examination: annually
X-ray mammography
- High risk: annually
- Low risk: biannually
3. >50 years
Self examination: monthly
Physician physical examination: annually
X-ray mammography
- High risk: annually
- Low risk: annually
52
The first radiographic examination of the breasts and is usually obtained _____ age ___ years old
Baseline mammogram
before age 40
53
Radiologist use it for comparison with future mammograms.
Baseline mammogram
54
In mammography ___ kVp is used because it helps to minimize _____ and maximize that _____ in order to enhance the differential absorption by various tissues of the breast.
low
Compton scattering
photoelectric effect
55
A conventional method of breast imaging where X-rays are captured on a film cassette containing a special screen, which is then developed to produce a visible image of the breast on film
Film screen and analog mammography
56
Established guidelines that require using a dedicated unit when performing screen–film mammography
Analog Mammography Unit
National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements (NCRP)
57
Most important ability understand and master these factors to produce consistent, high contrast, diagnostic images.
The basic considerations for equipment should include the following
Performance
1. Space
2. Portability
3. Electrical Requirements
4. Ergonomics
58
Basic Considerations for Equipment: The examination room should accommodate the _____ with its _____ and provide enough _____ for the technologist to move around and to assist the client for proper positioning.
Space
unit with its shield
59
Basic Considerations for Equipment: Additional _____ may be needed to accommodate women in _____ and for storing some _____ and/or _____ in the examination room
Space
wheelchairs
supplies
equipment accessories
60
Basic Considerations for Equipment: Some units are on _____, and others must be _____ to the floor or the wall.
Portability
wheels
anchored
61
Basic Considerations for Equipment: If the unit is used at various locations (a truly mobile environment), be sure to “_____” it in a realistic setting.
Portability
test drive
62
Basic Considerations for Equipment: Provide proper dedicated electric power for the mammography unit.
Electrical Requirements
63
Basic Considerations for Equipment: Some units plug into wall outlets, while others require _____ or _____ wiring to be installed.
Electrical Requirements
three-phase or 220
64
Basic Considerations for Equipment: The Unit should be user friendly to both the client and the operator.
Ergonomics
65
Basic Components
1. C-arm
2. Electronic controls
3. Compression device-to-receptor distance
4. Tube housing or face shield
5. Foot control
6. IRSD (Image Receptor Support Device)
7. Control panel
66
Basic Components:
- Range of _____ movement should accommodate both tall women (approximately ___ feet) and those who need to sit.
- Minimum range of travel is ___ to ___ above the floor.
- It should rotate at least ___ degrees.
- The point at which the _____ connects to the tower/collar should be _____ designed so that when moving from the craniocaudal position to the oblique position, the _____ does not need to be adjusted.
C-arm
- vertical; 6
- 66 to 140cm
- 180
- iso centrically; height
67
Basic Components:
- Controls on both sides of the C-arm provide easy access for the technologist to adjust the height of the C- arm and raise and lower the compression device while the client is being positioned.
- _____ or _____ should be available to the client to maintain a difficult or awkward position.
- These handles should be different from the _____ handle, which contain the _____ for operating the C-arm movements.
Electronic controls
- Grips or handles
- technologist’s handles; switches
68
Basic Components:
This distance should allow:
- Adequate space when positioning an _____ woman for an _____ view.
- When magnifying an area in a _____ breast.
- When raising the compression device over the needle during ______.
Compression device-to-receptor distance
- obese; oblique
- large
- preoperative localizations
69
Basic Components:
- This area of the unit should remain as small as possible to facilitate positioning of the client’s head for the _____ and during _____ views.
Tube housing or face shield
- craniocaudal view; magnification
70
Basic Components:
- Remote _____ for vertical movement of the C-arm and the compression device free the hands of the technologist while positioning.
- The amount of compression exerted by the _____ control should be _____.
- The final compression of the breast should be done using a ______ device.
Foot control
- foot pedal; minimal
- hand-controlled
71
Basic Components:
- Permit fast and easy exchange of different size film Buckys or cassettes.
- Both _____ and _____ imaging systems should be available to match the size of the receptor to the size of the breast being imaged.
IRSD (Image Receptor Support Device)
- 18 x 24 cm and 24 x 30 cm
72
Basic Components:
- It should be easy to read and to adjust.
- All units must have _____
- When the exposure has ended, the _____ should _____ the exposure factors used.
Control panel
- automatic exposure control (AEC)
- indicate
