Lesson 1: The Cell Flashcards
1
Q
THE CELL
TRUE or FALSE: Most cells are too small to see without a microscope.
A
TRUE
2
Q
THE CELL
What range of microscopic cells can an electron microscope see?
A
- Proteins
- Viruses
- Most Bacteria and Archaea
3
Q
THE CELL
What range of microscopic cells can a light microscope see?
A
- Viruses
- Most Bacteria and Archaea
- Most Plant Cells
4
Q
THE CELL
TRUE or FALSE: The human eye alone can perceive cells such as plant and animal cells.
A
FALSE
5
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Robert Hooke first observed the appearance of a cork slice’s tiny, hollow roomlike structures in the year ____.
A
1665
6
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In 1665, this English scientist used a compound microscope on a slice of cork and observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures.
A
Robert Hooke
7
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
TRUE or FALSE: Robert Hooke only saw the outer walls (cell walls) of cork because cork cells are alive.
A
FALSE, cork cells are not alive.
8
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
These Dutch lens grinders produced the first compound microscope.
A
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
9
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Robert Hooke discovered the outer walls of cork using a compound microscope — an invention first made by whom?
A
Hans and Zacharias Jenssen
10
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A Dutch fabric merchant who looked at blood, rainwater, and teeth scrapings through a simple microscope.
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
11
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Amateur scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed two things from using a simple microscope on blood, rainwater and teeth scrapings. These were…?
A
- Living Cells
- “Animalcules”
12
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German botanist who viewed plant parts under a microscope.
A
Matthias Schleiden
13
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In the year ____ Matthias Schleiden discovered that plant parts are made of cells.
A
1838
14
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German zoologist that viewed animal parts under a microscope.
A
Theodor Schwann
15
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In the year _____, Theodor Schwann discovered that animal parts are made of cells.
A
1839
16
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German physician who stated that all living cells come only from other living cells.
A
Rudolph Virchow
17
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In what year did Rudolph Virchow, a German physician, make his claim that living cells could only come from other living cells??
A
1855
18
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
ENUMERATION: State the profession of the following Germans and the years in which they made their discoveries/claims.
- Matthias Schleiden
- Theodor Schwann
- Rudolph Virchow
A
- Matthias Schleiden (Botanist | 1838)
- Theodor Schwann (Zoologist | 1839)
- Rudolph Virchow (Physician | 1855)
19
Q
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
RECALL: What were the discoveries/claims of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolph Virchow respectively?
A
- Matthias Schleiden: All plant parts are made of cells
- Theodor Schwann: All animal parts are made of cells
- Rudolph Virchow: All living cells come from other living cells.
20
Q
THE CELL
What are the structural and functional units of all living organisms?
A
Cells
21
Q
THE CELL
Plant tissues divided into tiny compartments were called ______ by Robert Hooke in 1665.
A
cellulae
22
Q
THE CELL
All organisms exist as either single cells or aggregate of cells as stated by _______ in 1840.
A
Theodor Schwann
23
Q
THE CELL
Which scientist observed that plant tissues were divided into tiny compartments?
A
Robert Hooke
24
Q
THE CELL
All organisms exist as either _____ _____ or _______ __ ____ as stated by Theodor Schwann in 1840.
A
Single Cells or Aggregate of Cells
25
**CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE**
**RECALL:** What were the significant discoveries, claims or creations of the following individuals?
1) Robert Hooke (**1665**)
2) Hans and Zacharias Janssen
3) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
4) Matthias Schleiden (**1838**)
5) Theodor Schwann (**1839**)
6) Theodor Schwann (**1840**)
7) Rudolph Virchow (**1855**)
- 1) Plant tissues were divided into tiny compartments called *cellulae*
- 2) Creation of the **compound microscope**
- 3) Observed **living cells** and **“animalcules”**
- 4) **Plant parts** are made of cells
- 5) **Animal parts** are made of cells
- 6) All organisms exist as either **single cells** or **aggregate of cells**
- 7) Living cells come **only** from other living cells
26
**LIVING ORGANISMS**
**TRUE or FALSE:** **Prokaryotes** contain a nucleus.
**FALSE**, **Eukaryotes** do.
27
**CELL TYPES**
Of the two **domains** under Prokaryotes, which one has a membrane chemistry of **nonfatty acid lipids**?
Domain Archaea
28
**CELL TYPES**
What are the three domains of life?
- Domain Bacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Domain Eukarya
29
**LIVING ORGANISMS**
**TRUE or FALSE:** **Prokaryotes** contain membrane-bounded organelles.
**FALSE**
30
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Has a primitive, versatile and **unicellular** form.
Prokaryote
31
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Can be both **unicellular** and **multicellular**.
Eukaryote
32
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Can be easily cultured in the lab.
Prokaryote
33
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Much larger in size with a 2000:1 volume ratio.
Eukaryote
34
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Has a nucleus.
Eukaryote
35
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Examples:
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
36
**LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?**
Examples:
- Protists
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals
Eukaryote
37
**LIVING ORGANISMS | PROKARYOTES**
What are a prokaryote’s three common shapes?
- Spherical (*cocci*)
- Rod-shaped (*bacilli*)
- Spiral
38
**LIVING ORGANISMS | PROKARYOTES**
Many under this domain are called **extremophiles**.
Archaea (Archaeabacteria)
39
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
***Sulfolobus acidocaldaries***. **Acid loving microbes** found in sulfur springs [**pH < 5**].
Acidophiles
40
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
***Natranobacterium gregoryi***. Live in soda lakes [**pH > 9**]
Alkalophiles
41
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
***Halferax volcanii***. **Salt loving**; live in the Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake.
Halophiles
42
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
***Methanococcus***; convert CO2 to Methane.
[CO2 + H2 = CH4]
Methanogens
43
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
***Polaromonas vacuolata.*** **Cold loving**; live in the Antarctic ice & seas.
Psychrophiles
44
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA**
**Heat loving**; live in acid hot springs and in deep ocean geysers.
Thermophiles
45
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
Several eubacteria are __________, and may cause diseases.
Pathogenic
46
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
The bacteria ***Bacillus anthracis*** may cause…?
Anthrax
47
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
The bacteria ***Clostridium botulinum*** may cause…?
Botulism
48
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
The bacteria ***Staphylococcus aureus*** may cause…?
- Sepsis
- Endocarditis
- Nosocomial *(hospital-borne)* Infections
49
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
The bacteria ***Salmonella*** may cause…?
- Food Poisoning
- Typhoid
50
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
**TRUE or FALSE:** Many eubacteria be made into **antibiotics**.
**TRUE**
51
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
The bacteria ***Streptomyces*** may be used to make…?
- Streptomycin
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
52
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
In what year was **streptomycin** made?
1943
53
**PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA**
A **photosynthetic eubacteria** formerly called blue-green algae.
Cyanobacteria
54
**LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
Have a greater specialization and **complexity** in structure and functioning.
Eukaryotes
55
**LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
Are spatially closely related.
Prokaryotes
56
**LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
Their metabolic functions are organized in a **simpler** fashion.
Prokaryotes
57
**LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
Are structured into **compartments**.
Eukaryotes
58
**LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
These have a very long **linear** DNA.
Eukaryotes
59
**LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
DNA is **ring-shaped**.
Prokaryotes
60
**LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION**
**EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?**
These **do not have** introns.
Prokaryotes
61
**LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION**
For **prokaryotes**, genetic information is located in the…?
Cytoplasm
62
**LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION**
For **eukaryotes**, genetic information is located in the…?
Nucleus
63
**UNIVERSAL FEATURES of LIVING CELLS**
All cells contain ***three things***, namely…?
- Nucleus or Nucleoid Region
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
64
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES**
Prokaryotic cells have only a _____ membrane.
single
65
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES**
They do not have a **nucleus** nor **organelles** but they ***do*** possess a distinct nuclear area called the…?
Nucleoid
66
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES**
Prokaryotic cells have r_______.
Ribosomes
67
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES**
**TRUE or FALSE:** Prokaryotes have a **cytoskeleton**.
**FALSE**, they do not.
68
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES**
The surface of a prokaryotic cell may carry ____ and ________.
- pili
- flagella
69
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
These are **attachment structures** on the surface of some prokaryotes.
Fimbriae/Pili
70
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
The region where the cell’s DNA is located.
Nucleoid
71
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
An extrachromosomal piece of circular DNA.
Plasmid
72
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
These are complexes that **synthesize proteins**.
Ribosomes
73
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
This part **encloses the cytoplasm**.
Plasma Membrane
74
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
This is the **rigid structure** found *outside* the plasma membrane.
Cell Wall
75
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
The **jellylike outer coating** of many prokaryotes.
Capsule
76
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
A locomotory organelle.
Flagella
77
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES**
These two are hair-like projections whose main functions are **movement**.
Cilia & Flagella
78
**CILIA & FLAGELLA**
The motion of _____ is a **back and forth** motion.
Cilia
79
**CILIA & FLAGELLA**
The motion of ______ is an undulating or **snakelike** motion.
Flagella
80
**CELL STRUCTURE | PROKARYOTES**
Enumerate the **8 parts** of a Prokaryotic Cell and their functions.
- 1) Fimbriae/Pili: **Attachment strcutures** on the surface of some prokaryotes.
- 2) Nucleoid: Region where the cell’s **DNA** is located.
- 3) Plasmid: **Extrachromosomal piece** of circular DNA.
- 4) Ribosomes: Complexes that **synthesize proteins**.
- 5) Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cytoplasm.
- 6) Cell Wall: **Rigid structure** outside plasma membrane.
- 7) Capsule: **Jellylike outer coating** of many prokaryotes.
- 8) Flagella: **Locomotory Organelle**
81
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES**
Eukaryotic cells are enclosed by a ______ _______.
Plasma Membrane
82
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES**
A **phospholipid bilayer** with proteins that **separates the cell from the surrounding environment** and functions as a **selective barrier** for the import and export of materials.
Plasma Membrane
83
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES**
What is the advantage of having membrane-enclosed compartments?
The separation of incompatible **chemical** and **physical** conditions.
84
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES**
The large space containing numerous components in solution.
Cytoplasm
85
**FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES**
**Well defined compartments** inside the cell that are dedicated to important cellular tasks.
Organelles
86
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
The **water solution** (salts and organic molecules) where organelles are suspended.
Cytosol
87
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
The largest organelle; contains the **genetic material of the cell** and is the site of DNA and RNA biosynthesis.
Nucleus
88
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
A closed network of shallow sacs and tubules linked with the outer membrance of the nucleus; **processes and transports proteins**.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
89
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Resembles a bundle of layered slices; **sorts and transports molecules for** ***export***.
Golgi Apparatus
90
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Bubble-shaped compartments that are involved in the **exchange of substances** between the cell and its surroundings.
Endosomes
91
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Double membrane-bound organelle; **site for cellular respiration**.
(AKA the **powerhouse of the cell**)
Mitochondria
92
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Small, globular organelle; contains **hydrolytic digestive enzymes** for intracellular digestion.
Lysosomes
93
**LYSOSOMES**
The process wherein the Lysosome **digests food** using active hydrolytic enzymes.
Phagocytosis
94
**LYSOSOMES**
The process wherein the Lysosome **breaks down damaged organelles**.
Autophagy
95
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Smaller than a lysosome; contains **oxidative enzymes** and **destroys peroxides**.
Peroxisomes
96
**PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES**
Framework of proteins; determines the **shape of cells** and gives it its ability to move.
Cytoskeleton
97
**CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE**
The **thickest**of the three structures. It’s composed of hollow tubes - walls consisting of **tubulin molecules**.
Microtubules
98
**CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE**
The **thinnest** of the three structures. It’s composed of two intertwined strands of **actin.**
Actin Filaments (or Microfilaments)
99
**CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE**
Composed of **supercoiled** fibrous proteins.
Intermediate Filaments
100
**CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION**
This structure is responsible for the **anchorage of the nucleus** and certain other organelles, as well as the **formation of nuclear lamina**.
Intermediate Filaments
101
**CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION**
This structure is responsible for **muscle contraction** and **cytoplasmic streaming**.
Actin Filaments (or Microfilaments)
102
**CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION**
This structure is responsible for the **maintenance of cell shape** and **cell motility**.
Microtubules
*(* ***Motility***: *ability of an organism to move independently using* ***metabolic energy*** *)*
103
**UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS**
Where **photosynthesis takes place**.
Plastids (Choloroplasts)
104
**UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS**
Membrane bound part found in the cytoplasm. Serves as a **reservoir for food and waste products**.
Vacuole
105
**UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS**
This is composed of *polysaccharides and proteins* and is a **rigid support structure** surrounding plant cells that provides **protection against osmotic or mechanical rupture**.
Cell Wall
106
**PARTS OF THE CELL | ANIMAL vs PLANT CELLS**
These three parts can be found in **animal cells** but ***not*** in plant cells.
- Lysosomes
- Centrioles
- Flagella (*though can be found in some plant sperm*)
107
**PARTS OF THE CELL | ANIMAL vs PLANT CELLS**
These four parts can be found in **plant cells** but ***not*** in animal cells.
- Chloroplasts
- Cental Vacuole & Tonoplast
- Cell Wall
- Plasmodesmata
108
**UNIQUE ANIMAL CELL PARTS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION**
This is composed mainly of proteins called **tubulin** and functions by helping in **cell division** and in the formation of the **centrosome, cilia & flagella**.
Centrioles
