LESSON 12: An Age of Reform (1800-1850) Flashcards
(25 cards)
The Second Great Awakening
began in the South in 1800;
Circuit riders were traveling preachers who led intense emotional revivals and camp meetings;
in the North, was a reaction against Enlightment/rationalism;
emotional, more communal;
started later in 1820
Timothy Dwight
Yale president;
defended Calvinism (Puritanism);
trained future ministers
Nathaniel Taylor
proposed compromise between predestination v. free will;
God knew what decisions would be made;
2 most important ministers
Lyman Beecher and Charles G. Finney
Lyman Beecher
great organizer;
church must reform society;
preached modified Calvinism:
Christian values and morals;
active New England, Connecticut, and (later on) Ohio
Charles G. Finney
great showman and advertiser from the upstate New York;
abandoned Calvinism;
appealed to emotion and emphasized free will
American Temperance Society
founded in 1826 with support of Lyman Beecher;
was successful in reducing drinking by half within 15 years
Horace Mann
Massachusetts State Legislator;
leader of common school movement (South & West lagged behind)
Dorothea Dix
reform of prisons and mental institutions;
advocated for more humane treatment of prisoners
American Colonization Society
founded in 1816;
eliminate slavery gradually, with Southern support;
return Blacks to Africa: Liberia was established in 1821 with funds from ACS;
many leaders supported ACS: Clay, Monroe, Calhoun;
most Africans were opposed to colonization;
by 1860, 15,000 were moved;
money came from the states
William Lloyd Garrison
started publication of weekly journal, The Liberator, in 1831
American Antislavery Society
founded in 1833 with strong influence of evangelicans and pacifists who focused on moral suasion
Theodore Weld
used methods of religious revivals during antislavery meetings
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote bestseller “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, 1852
Most famous abolitionists in the North
Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth
powerful speaker;
former slave from NY
Grimke Sisters
transitioned from antislavery movement to women’s rights;
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott;
daughters of a SC slave holder;
traveled to London to an antislavery convention
Robert Owen’s New Harmony
IN;
1825-1826;
based on communal property and self-government, but lacked harmony
Charles Fourier
French social thinker;
Albert Brisbaine (American proponent of his ideas);
inspired 28 small, planned communities/phalanxes;
none lasted long
John Humphrey Noyes
former minister who lost his license;
founded Oneida Community, 1848-1880:
combination of communism, Christianity, and sex (“complex marriage”)
Shakers
a Protestant sect known for communal living, celibacy, and unique blend of religious practices
Transcendentalist George Ripley
created Brook Farm near Boston, 1841-1845;
community attracted writers, artists, and intellectuals, but was an economic failure;
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a visitor
Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
individualists;
individual judgement over social traditions
Ralph Waldo Emerson
divine was immanent in the universe, revealed in Nature (1836)
