Lesson 13 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
The study of diesease
A
Pathology
2
Q
The study of the cause of the diesease
A
Etiology
3
Q
The development of diesease
A
Pathogenesis
4
Q
Colonization of the body by pathogens
A
Infection
5
Q
Abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
A
Disease
6
Q
Microorganism benefits while host
is not harmed
A
Commensalism
7
Q
Microorganism and Host benefit from one another
A
Mutualism
8
Q
Microorganism benefits while the host is harmed
A
Parasitism
9
Q
Microorganisms commonly found on or in healthy persons
A
Indigenous Flora
10
Q
Microorganisms that colonize
an area for months or years
A
Resident Flora
11
Q
Microorganisms temporarily
colonizing a host
A
Transient Flora
12
Q
Condition of hosts capable of
transmitting the infection
A
Carrier State
13
Q
Generally superficial organisms
A
Skin Microbiota
14
Q
■ Colonize skin surface
■ Prevent pathogens from colonizing
A
Normal Flora
15
Q
– Low Oxidation Reduction Potential
(Anaerobes grow)
– Buccal mucosa and tooth surface
■ Production of Acids by Microorganisms
(Tooth Decay)
– Bacterial plaque may develop on teeth
A
Mouth Microbiota
16
Q
Sterile Genitourinary Sites
A
Kidneys
Bladders
Fallopian Tubes
17
Q
Non-sterile Genitourinary Tract Sites
A
Vagina
Distal centimeter of the Urethra
18
Q
– Cause disease when habitat is changed
– May occur due to weakened immune system
A
Opportunistic Infection
19
Q
– Chemotherapy
– Immunosuppressive Drugs
– Radiation
– Immune defects
A
Immunosuppression
20
Q
Competition between
microbes.
A
Microbial Antagonism
21
Q
Live microbes applied to or ingested
into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect.
A
Probiotics
22
Q
Microbial flora block colonization of
extraneous pathogens
A
Microenvironment
23
Q
Ability of an organism to produce disease
A
Pathogenicity
24
Q
– Usually do not cause infection
– special circumstances
A
Opportunistic Pathogens
25
– Organisms that cause disease in healthy hosts
True Pathogens
26
– Occur from medical treatment or procedures
Iatrogenic Infection
27
Ability to penetrate and grow in
tissues
Invasion
28
A disease that is not
transmitted from one host to another
Noncommunicable disease
29
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Symptom
30
A change in a body that can be measured or observed
as a result of disease.
Sign
31
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Syndrome
32
A disease that is spread from one
host to another.
Communicable Disease
33
A disease that is easily spread from
one host to another
Contagious Disease
34
Major role in clearing bacterial infection
Phagocytosis
35
Traits that determine pathogenicity and virulence
Virulence Factor
36
Poisonous substances secreted by organisms
Toxins
37
Secreted by the organism into extracellular environment or are released on lysis of the organism
Exotoxins
38
Composed of LPS portion of the outer membrane of G- bacteria
Endotoxins
39
Engulfing cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
40
– Chemical caused
movement to a location
– Necessary to mobilize
phagocytes to infection
Chemotaxis
41
Movement from blood vessels to tissues
Diapedesis
42
Preferred systemic response to bacterial infection
■ Elevated body temperature induced either by pathogen molecules or by body molecules produced
in response to pathogen molecules
■ Results in temperatures that inhibit microbes while enhancing body defenses
Fever
43
– Complex mechanism that allows the
body to protect itself from foreign
invaders
– The mechanism is the Immune
system
Immunity
44
– Natural or nonspecific immunity
■
Physical barriers
■
Chemical barriers
■
Phagocytosis
■
Complement
Innate Immunity
45
– Antibodies
– Lymphocytes
■
B cells
■
T cells
–
T helper
–
Cytotoxic
Adaptive or Specific Immunity
46
Molecules that are potentially recognized
by adaptive immune system molecules
■ Recognition: Binding between the antigen
and the immune system molecule (Like
Immunogen and an Antibody)
■ Antigen within its “self” environment will
not normally elicit an immune response
Antigens
47
Antigens found in “non-self” environment:
Immunogen
48
■
Aided by T Helper cells
■
Plasma cells: Secrete Antibodies
B Cells
49
- Monomer (70%-75%)
–
Opsonizing antibody, crosses
placenta
IgG
50
– Pentamer (10%-15%)
–
Complement fixation
–
First antibody produced
IgM
51
– Dimer (15%-20%)
–
Secreted at mucous membranes
IgA
52
- receptor bound (Very low
concentration)
–
Role in clearance of parasites and
allergies
IgE
53
- surface bound (Very low
concentration)
–
Role in signaling of B cell receptors
IgD
54
– Rapid appearance of IgM
– Peak in 1-2 weeks followed by
gradual decline
■ Gradual change over to IgG or IgA
antibodies
■ IgG levels remain elevated for
months, then slowly decline (often
remains low but detectable for
years)
Primary Antibody Response
55
– Rapid increase in IgG antibodies
■ Higher levels of IgG with prolonged
elevation (More gradual decline)
■ Higher specificity
– Somatic hypermutation
■ IgM plays a minor role
Secondary Antibody Response
56
Secondary Antibody Response is also known as?
Anamnestic Immune Response
57
Mechanisms by which microbes may overcome the host defenses
■ Induce immune tolerance
– Not recognized as foreign
■ Immune suppression
– Actively destroy, inactivate, or limit the effect of the immune response
■ Antigenic variation
■ Intracellular “hiding
58
Routes of Transmission and Exit
– Airborne
– Transmission by food
and water
– Close contact
■ Direct contact
– Cuts and bites (nonarthropod)
■ Wounds
– Arthropods
■ Bites of insects
– Zoonoses
■ Contact with
animals
59
Infection where the disease is transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans
Zoonosis
60
Dead end host of organism
Humans
61
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Incidence
62
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Prevalence
63
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Sporadic Disease
64
Disease constantly present in a population
Endemic Disease
65
Disease acquired by many hosts in each area in a short time
Epidemic Disease
66
Worldwide epidemic
Pandemic
67
Immunity in most of a population.
Herd Immunity
68
Occurs when the infection does not arise by transmission from host
to host
– You cannot catch the disease from an infected person.
– Examples:
■ Staphylococcus food poisoning, Clostridium botulinum food poisoning
■ Normal Flora (E.g., Staphylococcus aureus wound infection
■ Environmental Sources (Legionella, Clostridium tetani)
Non-communicable Disease
69
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
Latent Disease
70
Symptoms between acute and chronic
Subacute Disease
71
Symptoms develop rapidly
Acute Disease
72
Symptoms develop slowly
Chronic Disease
73
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.
Local Infection
74
An infection throughout the body
Systemic Infection
75
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Focal Infection
76
Bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
77
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
78
Viruses in the blood
Viremia
79
Toxins in the blood
Toxemia
80
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection
Subclinical Disease
81
Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Primary Infection
82
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection.
Secondary Infection
83
■ Make the body more susceptible to disease
Predisposing Factors
84
Natural location of the organism. Can be animate or inanimate location
Reservoir
85
Immediate location from which the
infecting organism has been transmitted.
Source
86
Hosts that harbor a pathogen without clinical symptoms and transmit the infection, often unknowingly
Carriers
87
Two types of Transmission
Vertical and Horizontal
88
Direct personal contact is a major transmission route for the spread of
infections in hospitals and other health care facilities
–
Nosocomial infections: Noso (disease), komeion (To take care of)
–
Other forms of direct contact:
■
Sexual Transmission (Herpes, Syphilis, HIV)
■
Skin to Skin Transmission (Scabies, staphylococci)
Horizontal
89
■
From mother to child in utero or in breast milk
Vertical
90
– Sneezing and Coughing à fine spray from one host to the respiratory passages of a second host
– Occur when microorganisms remain suspended in air or dust particles, carried by air currents
– Occur in crowded rooms (Tuberculosis, Influenza)
Airborne
91
– Source projects particle droplets containing infectious agents, from coughing, sneezing, or respiratory equipment.
– Occurs in the same room, a short distance
from the source directly to the new host
Droplet
92
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water)
– Contaminated showers, baths, pools, medications
(Pseudomonas, Legionella)
– Food (Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7)
– Water (Cholera, Cryptosporidium, Polio)
Vehicle Transmission
93
Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
– Biological/Inanimate source that aids in the
transmission of infection from one host to another
– Mediated by a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate
sources
Vectors
94
Pathogen reproduces in vector
Biological
95
Arthropod carries pathogen on feet
Mechanical
96
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Morbidity
97
Deaths from notifiable diseases
Mortality
98
Number of people affected in relation to the total population in each time period
Morbidity Rate
99
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in each time
Mortality Rate
100
■ Nosocomial
(Hospitalacquired)
Infections
– Acquired as
a result of a
hospital
stay
– 5-15% of
all hospital
patients
acquire
nosocomial
infections
Horizontal
