Lesson 13 And 14

Question 1

Nucleotides

Answer 1

A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Question 2

Polynucleotide

Answer 2

A polymer made up of many nucleotide monomers covalently bonded together

Question 3

Sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 3

In a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA strand) the alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which nitrogenous bases are attached

Question 4

deoxyribonucleic

Answer 4

(DNA) A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating DNA is an organism’s genetic material.

Question 5

Thymine (T)

Answer 5

A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA

Question 6

Cytosine (C)

Answer 6

A single ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

Question 7

Guanine (G)

Answer 7

A double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

Question 8

Adenine (A)

Answer 8

A double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

Question 9

Uracil (U)

Answer 9

A single ring nitrogenous base found in RNA

Question 10

Double helix

Answer 10

Form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape.

Question 11

Semiconservative model

Answer 11

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and newly made strand.

Question 12

DNA Polymerase

Answer 12

A large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template.

Question 13

DNA ligase

Answer 13

An enzyme, essentially for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA polynucleotide strands. DNA ligase is used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.

Question 14

Transcription

Answer 14

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

Question 15

Translation

Answer 15

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

Question 16

Triplet code

Answer 16

A set of three-nucleotide-long “words” that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.

Question 17

Codon

Answer 17

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

Question 18

Genetic code

Answer 18

The set of rules that dictates the amino acid translation of each mRNA nucleotide triplet.

Question 19

RNA Polymerase

Answer 19

A large molecular complex that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.

Question 20

Promoter

Answer 20

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.

Question 21

Terminator

Answer 21

A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and then to depart from the gene

Question 22

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 22

The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes where the information is translated into amino acid sequences.

Question 23

Intron

Answer 23

An internal, non coding region of a gene that does not become part of the final messenger RNA molecule and is therefore not expressed

Question 24

RNA splicing

Answer 24

The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Question 25

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 25

A type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA.

Question 26

Anticodon

Answer 26

On a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA.

Question 27

Ribosome

Answer 27

A cell structure consisting of RNA and Protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.

Question 28

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 28

The type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells.

Question 29

Start codon

Answer 29

On mRNA the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information

Question 30

P site

Answer 30

One of a ribosomes binding sites for the tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptide tRNA)

Question 31

A site

Answer 31

One of a ribosomes binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid in the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA)

Question 32

Stop codon

Answer 32

In MRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA< UGA) that signal gene translation to stop.