lesson 14 - genetic engineering

Question 1

The word gene comes from the Greek words _______ ‘breed, kind’ and _________ ‘descent, origin’.

Answer 1

genea; genesis

Question 2

_________ is the science that deals with the interaction of the genes in producing similarities and differences between individuals related by descent.

Answer 2

Genetics

Question 3

The essence of _____________, on the other hand, is design; for ______________ is the “art and science that is concerned with the practical application of scientific knowledge, as in the design, construction, and operation of rocks, bridges, harbors, buildings, etc.

Answer 3

engineering; engineering

Question 4

________________ means direct intervention in the genetic make-up of a living being, the replacement of genes or the addition of new genes to the genetic code’ or blueprint’ of an organism.

Question 5

Every living being is composed of cells. The nucleus of a single cell contains structures called ____________.

Answer 5

chromosomes

Question 6

Every human being usually has _____ pairs of ____ single chromosomes.

Answer 6

23; 46

Question 7

A sperm and an ovum (human germ cells) have ___ chromosomes each.

Answer 7

23

Question 8

Their fusion in fertilization results in a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 are “_____________” and 2 determine an individual’s sex.

Answer 8

carriers of character

Question 9

The crush of ____________ lie in the ability of the technologist to manipulate, splice, slice, and replace the basic structural compounds of DNA and their direct genetic change. This is why GE is often called human intervention in the biological processes

Answer 9

recombinant DNA technology

Question 10

It refers to biochemical studies or chromosomal analysis for purposes of detecting genetically caused diseases.

Answer 10

Genetic Testing

Question 11

Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the __________ disease which leads to the gradual debilitation and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.

Answer 11

Tay Sachs disease

Question 12

Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the Tay Sachs disease which leads to the ____________ and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.

Answer 12

gradual debilitation

Question 13

how many genetically-related disorders have been identified because of GT?

Answer 13

2,300

Question 14

If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “____________” can be controlled by means of a special diet.

Answer 14

inborn error of metabolism

Question 15

If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “inborn error of metabolism” can be controlled by means of a __________

Answer 15

special diet.

Question 16

Individuals who may be found to be “___________” of recessive conditions or any genetically-related disorders may opt for sterilization or other forms of contraception in order to prevent the transmission of their genes, and the birth of children with recessive disorders

Answer 16

carriers

Question 17

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

Answer 17

Amniocentesis

Question 18

Another new prenatal procedure is __________

Answer 18

fetoscope

Question 19

An ______________ for visual examination of the pregnant uterus.

Answer 19

endoscope

Question 20

An endoscope for visual examination of the __________ uterus.

Answer 20

pregnant

Question 21

Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal activities/ malformities

Answer 21

Genetic Screening

Question 22

Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select individuals who are clinically well can be screened to determine whether they are carriers of recessive defective genes of certain genetic diseases

Answer 22

genetic screening

Question 23

in Genetic Intervention one can “____” (therapy), “_____” (surgery) and “______” (recombine), hence recombinant (DNA) and “repair” genes in order to redesign (engineering) then for one‟s own ends.

Answer 23

cure; slice; splice

Question 24

It might prevent certain birth defects like spina bifida.

Answer 24

Genetic Intervention

Question 25

In vitro means fertilization “__________,” as opposed to fertilization in utero, i.e., “__________.

Answer 25

within a glass; within the uterus

Question 26

Also known as “laboratory fertilization”; “test-tube fertilization”

Answer 26

In Vitro Fetilization

Question 27

And sometimes referred as “procreation without sex” or “baby- making without love making.

Answer 27

In Vitro Fetilization

Question 28

The process of IVF is by means of a technique called _____________

Answer 28

laparoscopy

Question 29

The first such baby, conceived “without love making,” was ___________ born on __________ in England.

Answer 29

Louise Joy Brown; July 25, 1978

Question 30

In the medical context, the IVF technique is done to overcome ____________ due to obstruction of the fallopian tubes, which prevents the ovum from passing through the oviduct (tube) where it meets the sperm and then descends to the uterus for burrowing.

Answer 30

female sterility

Question 31

An ovum is removed from the woman’s ovary by laparoscopy, and when the fertilized ovum or embryo is cultured, it will “transferred” to the uterine cavity for burrowing.

Answer 31

Embryo Transfer

Question 32

As stated under the moral issue of artificial insemination by donor, embryo transfer is related to ______________

Answer 32

ovum donor treatment

Question 33

Recently, a new technique to clear blocked fallopian tubes has been discovered. This procedure, known as ______________, is much easier and cheaper than IVF and ET.

Answer 33

transcervical balloon tuboplasty (TBT)

Question 34

“_____________” means substitute, from the Latin surrogatus “in place of another.‟

Answer 34

Surrogate

Question 35

It‟s a biomedical technique whereby a fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of another woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or for a fee.

Answer 35

Surrogate Motherhood

Question 36

This procedure is often referred to as the “___________,” “__________” or “_________” business.

Answer 36

womb for hire; rent a womb; uterus for rent

Question 37

Calvert – Johnson case in 1989

Answer 37

Surrogate Motherhood

Question 38

In 1897, __________, a 42 – year old mother is the first American woman to give birth to her daughter’s children

Answer 38

Mrs. Arlette Schweitzer

Question 39

The possibility of replacing deceased organs with those taken from animals or from other human beings and there are 4 kinds of transplantation:

Answer 39

organic transplant

Question 40

4 kinds of transplantation:

Answer 40

1) Autograft 2) Homograft 3) Heterograft 4) Isograft

Question 41

The transplantation of an organ within the same individual is called ___________.

Answer 41

Autograft

Question 42

The transplantation of an organ from one individual to another of the same species is called ___________.

Answer 42

homograft

Question 43

On the other-hand the transplantation of organs between individual of different species or animals Is called ____________

Answer 43

heterograft

Question 44

While an ___________ is a transplantation between two genetically- identical persons

Answer 44

isograft

Question 45

two kinds of Sex change operations:

Answer 45

- from male to female - from female to male.

Question 46

_______________ is the testicles are removed and an artificial vagina is constructed using parts of the penis, the breast is Enlarge with silicone implants and the Adam‟s apple reduced in size.

Answer 46

Male to female operation

Question 47

____________ the uterus and the ovaries are removed the breast reduce in size and the artificial penis is stimulated. Both males and females are given sex hormones to develop the appropriate secondary sex characteristics

Answer 47

Female to male surgical operation

Question 48

The root word “________” In Greek means “TWIG”.

Answer 48

CLONE

Question 49

It arose from the practice of cutting a plant stuck in the soil in which the cut “TWIG” portion is able to grow into a new plant of the same genetic composition.

Answer 49

Clone

Question 50

A _______ is an identical duplicate

Answer 50

clone

Question 51

______________ is a technological process whereby an identical duplicate of an organism is produced by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum (oocyte) with the nucleus of a body of the organism.

Answer 51

Cloning

Question 52

______________ the freezing and preservation of sperm at low temperature, which is technically known as cryo preservation

Answer 52

Sperm banking

Question 53

Several justifications of Sperm Banking (SB) include the following:

Answer 53

1) To preserve the seeds of endangered animal species among the lower animals 2) To overcome infertility among humans 3) To serve as “fertility insurance” for men who wish to undergo vasectomy, while hoping to retain their fertility for future use 4) To use sperm deposits for research on genetic diseases and reproductive process and 5) To further studies about sex selection for eugenic reasons

Question 54

_________ is the cryo preservation of fertilized eggs. Through a technique known as laparoscopy or laparotomy (a minor surgical operation involving the insertion of needle-like instrument into the egg sac), oocytes (the egg) are first extracted from the female ovary. The eggs are then fertilized by sperm in vitro.

Answer 54

cloning

Question 55

Biomedical science provides us with scientific understanding of _____________ – also known as sex control, sex determination, sex predetermination and sex preselection

Answer 55

sex selection

Question 56

This chart where the woman‟s age (18-45 years) is plotted against the months of the year

Answer 56

Consulting the Chinese calendar

Question 57

If a couple would like a baby boy, coitus or sexual intercourse should takes place during the peak of ovulation, or one or two days later. For a baby girl, coitus should be done one or two days before ovulation. Cloning Sperm and zygote banking Sex selection

Answer 57

Monitoring one’s menstrual cycle

Question 58

if the woman has an orgasm during intercourse, the probability for a baby boy is high.

Answer 58

Monitoring female orgasm

Question 59

if a boy is desired, the woman should practice vaginal rinsing or dousing with a solution of water and baking soda to create an alkaline condition.

Answer 59

Vaginal rinsing

Question 60

For a baby girl, she should rinse with a ____________ to create an acidic environment.

Answer 60

solution of water and vinegar

Question 61

the male‟s ejaculation can also predetermine the child‟s sex

Answer 61

Timing semen ejaculation

Question 62

The sex of an off-spring, biologist say, is determined by the type of sperm that fertilizes the ovum (egg). Some of them named androsperm (or the so-called Y- bearing chromosomes) and the others named (the X bearing chromosomes).

Answer 62

preconception methods

Question 63

_______________ aims to provide a means whereby one could control which type of sperm would fertilize the ovum.

Answer 63

Preconception research

Question 64

Advanced microsurgery and biotechnology have enabled us to determine the sex of an embryo or fetus prior to birth.

Answer 64

Post conception methods

Question 65

Another post conception method is based upon scientific advances in ____________ whereby the sex of a fetus in utero may be determined through a process known as amniocentesis.

Answer 65

prenatal diagnostic techniques

Question 66

_________ ethicians go with Pope John Paul II‟s announcements that “a strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from chromosomal defects will in principle be considered desirable provided it is directed to the life promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life.

Answer 66

Natural Law

Question 67

freezing of embryos, post mortem insemination and sperm banking or cryopreservation constitute an offense against the respect due to human beings manipulating them.

Answer 67

cloning

Question 68

moralist, for example, claim that the accumulation of scientific knowledge that biomedical specialist would be able to gain from genetic engineering and /or reproductive technologies will be beneficial, useful, advantageous and profitable to the understanding of human reproduction and would pave the way for the discovery of medical drugs for fetal disorders and children‟s diseases.

Answer 68

Utilitarian

Question 69

On ______________, one would be confronted with the moral duty to avoid harm and to seek the good for one‟s offspring.

Answer 69

Kantian ethical principles