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MTLB - FINALS > lesson 14 - genetic engineering > Flashcards

lesson 14 - genetic engineering Flashcards

1
Q

The word gene comes from the Greek words _______ ‘breed, kind’ and _________ ‘descent, origin’.

A

genea; genesis

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2
Q

_________ is the science that deals with the interaction of the genes in producing similarities and differences between individuals related by descent.

A

Genetics

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3
Q

The essence of _____________, on the other hand, is design; for ______________ is the “art and science that is concerned with the practical application of scientific knowledge, as in the design, construction, and operation of rocks, bridges, harbors, buildings, etc.

A

engineering; engineering

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4
Q

________________ means direct intervention in the genetic make-up of a living being, the replacement of genes or the addition of new genes to the genetic code’ or blueprint’ of an organism.

A
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5
Q

Every living being is composed of cells. The nucleus of a single cell contains structures called ____________.

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

Every human being usually has _____ pairs of ____ single chromosomes.

A

23; 46

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7
Q

A sperm and an ovum (human germ cells) have ___ chromosomes each.

A

23

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8
Q

Their fusion in fertilization results in a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 are “_____________” and 2 determine an individual’s sex.

A

carriers of character

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9
Q

The crush of ____________ lie in the ability of the technologist to manipulate, splice, slice, and replace the basic structural compounds of DNA and their direct genetic change. This is why GE is often called human intervention in the biological processes

A

recombinant DNA technology

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10
Q

It refers to biochemical studies or chromosomal analysis for purposes of detecting genetically caused diseases.

A

Genetic Testing

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11
Q

Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the __________ disease which leads to the gradual debilitation and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.

A

Tay Sachs disease

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12
Q

Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the Tay Sachs disease which leads to the ____________ and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.

A

gradual debilitation

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13
Q

how many genetically-related disorders have been identified because of GT?

A

2,300

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14
Q

If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “____________” can be controlled by means of a special diet.

A

inborn error of metabolism

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15
Q

If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “inborn error of metabolism” can be controlled by means of a __________

A

special diet.

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16
Q

Individuals who may be found to be “___________” of recessive conditions or any genetically-related disorders may opt for sterilization or other forms of contraception in order to prevent the transmission of their genes, and the birth of children with recessive disorders

A

carriers

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17
Q

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

A

Amniocentesis

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18
Q

Another new prenatal procedure is __________

A

fetoscope

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19
Q

An ______________ for visual examination of the pregnant uterus.

A

endoscope

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20
Q

An endoscope for visual examination of the __________ uterus.

A

pregnant

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21
Q

Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal activities/ malformities

A

Genetic Screening

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22
Q

Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select individuals who are clinically well can be screened to determine whether they are carriers of recessive defective genes of certain genetic diseases

A

genetic screening

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23
Q

in Genetic Intervention one can “____” (therapy), “_____” (surgery) and “______” (recombine), hence recombinant (DNA) and “repair” genes in order to redesign (engineering) then for one‟s own ends.

A

cure; slice; splice

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24
Q

It might prevent certain birth defects like spina bifida.

A

Genetic Intervention

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25
Q

In vitro means fertilization “__________,” as opposed to fertilization in utero, i.e., “__________.

A

within a glass; within the uterus

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26
Q

Also known as “laboratory fertilization”; “test-tube
fertilization”

A

In Vitro Fetilization

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27
Q

And sometimes referred as “procreation without sex” or “baby- making without love making.

A

In Vitro Fetilization

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28
Q

The process of IVF is by means of a technique called _____________

A

laparoscopy

29
Q

The first such baby, conceived “without love making,” was ___________ born on __________ in England.

A

Louise Joy Brown; July 25, 1978

30
Q

In the medical context, the IVF technique is done to overcome ____________ due to obstruction of the fallopian tubes, which prevents the ovum from passing through the oviduct (tube) where it meets the sperm and then descends to the uterus for burrowing.

A

female sterility

31
Q

An ovum is removed from the woman’s ovary by laparoscopy, and when the fertilized ovum or embryo is cultured, it will “transferred” to the uterine cavity for burrowing.

A

Embryo Transfer

32
Q

As stated under the moral issue of artificial insemination by donor, embryo transfer is related to ______________

A

ovum donor treatment

33
Q

Recently, a new technique to clear blocked fallopian tubes has been discovered. This procedure, known as ______________, is much easier and cheaper than IVF and ET.

A

transcervical balloon tuboplasty (TBT)

34
Q

“_____________” means substitute, from the Latin surrogatus “in place of another.‟

A

Surrogate

35
Q

It‟s a biomedical technique whereby a fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of another woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or for a fee.

A

Surrogate Motherhood

36
Q

This procedure is often referred to as the “___________,” “__________” or “_________” business.

A

womb for hire; rent a womb; uterus for rent

37
Q

Calvert – Johnson case in 1989

A

Surrogate Motherhood

38
Q

In 1897, __________, a 42 – year old mother is the first American woman to give birth to her daughter’s children

A

Mrs. Arlette Schweitzer

39
Q

The possibility of replacing deceased organs with those taken from animals or from other human beings and there are 4 kinds of transplantation:

A

organic transplant

40
Q

4 kinds of transplantation:

A

1) Autograft
2) Homograft
3) Heterograft
4) Isograft

41
Q

The transplantation of an organ within the same individual is called ___________.

A

Autograft

42
Q

The transplantation of an organ from one individual to another of the same species is called ___________.

A

homograft

43
Q

On the other-hand the transplantation of organs between individual of different species or animals Is called ____________

A

heterograft

44
Q

While an ___________ is a transplantation between two genetically- identical persons

A

isograft

45
Q

two kinds of Sex change operations:

A
  • from male to female
  • from female to male.
46
Q

_______________ is the testicles are removed and an artificial vagina is constructed using parts of the penis, the breast is Enlarge with silicone implants and the Adam‟s apple reduced in size.

A

Male to female operation

47
Q

____________ the uterus and the ovaries are removed the breast reduce in size and the artificial penis is stimulated. Both males and females are given sex hormones to develop the appropriate secondary sex characteristics

A

Female to male surgical operation

48
Q

The root word “________” In Greek means “TWIG”.

A

CLONE

49
Q

It arose from the practice of cutting a plant stuck in the soil in which the cut “TWIG” portion is able to grow into a new plant of the same genetic composition.

A

Clone

50
Q

A _______ is an identical duplicate

A

clone

51
Q

______________ is a technological process whereby an identical duplicate of an organism is produced by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum (oocyte) with the nucleus of a body of the organism.

A

Cloning

52
Q

______________ the freezing and preservation of sperm at low temperature, which is technically known as cryo preservation

A

Sperm banking

53
Q

Several justifications of Sperm Banking (SB) include the following:

A

1) To preserve the seeds of endangered animal species among the lower animals
2) To overcome infertility among humans
3) To serve as “fertility insurance” for men who wish to undergo vasectomy, while hoping to retain their fertility for future use
4) To use sperm deposits for research on genetic diseases and reproductive process and
5) To further studies about sex selection for eugenic reasons

54
Q

_________ is the cryo preservation of fertilized eggs. Through a technique known as laparoscopy or laparotomy (a minor surgical operation involving the insertion of needle-like instrument into the egg sac), oocytes (the egg) are first extracted from the female ovary. The eggs are then fertilized by sperm in vitro.

A

cloning

55
Q

Biomedical science provides us with scientific understanding of _____________ – also known as sex control, sex determination, sex predetermination and sex preselection

A

sex selection

56
Q

This chart where the woman‟s age (18-45 years) is plotted against the months of the year

A

Consulting the Chinese calendar

57
Q

If a couple would like a baby boy, coitus or sexual intercourse should takes place during the peak of ovulation, or one or two days later. For a baby girl, coitus should be done one or two days before ovulation. Cloning Sperm and zygote banking Sex selection

A

Monitoring one’s menstrual cycle

58
Q

if the woman has an orgasm during intercourse, the probability for a baby boy is high.

A

Monitoring female orgasm

59
Q

if a boy is desired, the woman should practice vaginal rinsing or dousing with a solution of water and baking soda to create an alkaline condition.

A

Vaginal rinsing

60
Q

For a baby girl, she should rinse with a ____________ to create an acidic environment.

A

solution of water and vinegar

61
Q

the male‟s ejaculation can also predetermine the child‟s sex

A

Timing semen ejaculation

62
Q

The sex of an off-spring, biologist say, is determined by the type of sperm that fertilizes the ovum (egg). Some of them named androsperm (or the so-called Y- bearing chromosomes) and the others named (the X bearing chromosomes).

A

preconception methods

63
Q

_______________ aims to provide a means whereby one could control which type of sperm would fertilize the ovum.

A

Preconception research

64
Q

Advanced microsurgery and biotechnology have enabled us to determine the sex of an embryo or fetus prior to birth.

A

Post conception methods

65
Q

Another post conception method is based upon scientific advances in ____________ whereby the sex of a fetus in utero may be determined through a process known as amniocentesis.

A

prenatal diagnostic techniques

66
Q

_________ ethicians go with Pope John Paul II‟s announcements that “a strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from chromosomal defects will in principle be considered desirable provided it is directed to the life promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life.

A

Natural Law

67
Q

freezing of embryos, post mortem insemination and sperm banking or cryopreservation constitute an offense against the respect due to human beings manipulating them.

A

cloning

68
Q

moralist, for example, claim that the accumulation of scientific knowledge that biomedical specialist would be able to gain from genetic engineering and /or reproductive technologies will be beneficial, useful, advantageous and profitable to the understanding of human reproduction and would pave the way for the discovery of medical drugs for fetal disorders and children‟s diseases.

A

Utilitarian

69
Q

On ______________, one would be confronted with the moral duty to avoid harm and to seek the good for one‟s offspring.

A

Kantian ethical principles

MTLB - FINALS (7 decks)

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