lesson 2 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
backbone of organic molecule
A
carbon
2
Q
required for aerobic respiration
A
oxygen
3
Q
present in most organic molecules
A
hydrogen
4
Q
present in all protein and nucleic acid and chlorophyll
A
nitrogen
5
Q
present in nucleic acid and energy transfer molecules such as ATP
A
phosphorus
6
Q
helps provide ionic balance in cells
A
potassium
7
Q
present in chlorophyll
A
magnesium
8
Q
component of certain enzyme
A
iron
9
Q
constituent of cell walls. required for some energy transfer reaction
A
calcium
10
Q
Composed of substances in which two or more chemical elements (other than carbon) are combined, nearly always in definite proportions.
A
inorganic compound
11
Q
universal solvent
A
water
12
Q
Helps shape the continents, moderates our climate and allows organisms to exist and survive.
A
water
13
Q
Vital to plants and other organisms because it carries dissolved nutrients and other important materials to cells.
A
water
14
Q
tendency of unlike molecules to adhere to one another.
A
adhesion
15
Q
the tendency of like molecules to adhere, or stick together.
A
cohesion
16
Q
Water is cohesive, and this strong attraction of water molecules to one another results from the __________ among them.
A
hydrogen bonds
17
Q
Water is strongly adhesive with many other materials, particularly those that are ________
A
polar
18
Q
The ability of water to make things wet is the result of __________
A
adhesion
19
Q
This measures the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.
A
pH scale
20
Q
Compound that dissociates in water to produce negatively charged hydroxide ions and positively charged ions.
A
base
21
Q
Compound that dissociates or breaks up, in a solution of water to form hydrogen ions and negatively charged ions.
A
acids
22
Q
Each hydrogen ion of an acid combines with a hydroxide ion of a base to form a _____________.
A
water molecule
23
Q
acid and bases react with one another, in the process ______________ the chemical effect that each group had originally.
A
neutralizing
24
Q
Foundations on which the structures of plants and other organisms are built.
A
organic compounds
25
organic compounds, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose, that plants use as fuel molecules, as constituents of other important compounds such as nucleic acids, and as structural components of cells.
carbohydrates
26
The general equation for carbohydrates
CH2O
27
1 sugar unit
Monosaccharides
28
Monosaccharides contain ________ atoms.
3-6 carbon atoms
29
Fuel molecules that cells
breakdown to obtain their energy for cellular activities.
monosaccharides
30
monosaccharides is also known as ___________
simple sugar
31
also known as physiological sugar or dextrose
glucose
32
main storage carbohydrates in plants
glucose
33
monosaccharides that is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine
galactose
34
blood sugar
glucose
35
fruit sugar
fructose
36
also known as L-glucose/levulose
fructose
37
sweetest monosaccharide
fructose
38
brain sugar
galactose
39
also known as wood sugar
xylose
40
often found in fruits
fructose
41
essential component of atp
ribose
42
component of DNA
deoxyribose
43
use as diagnostic agent in intestinal malabsorption
xylose
44
found in RNA
ribose
45
obtaining from boiling corn cobs, wood and straw
xylose
46
2 sugar unit
Disaccharides
47
consist of 2 bonded monosaccharides
Disaccharides
48
the 2 bonded monosaccharide untis are joined by ____________
glycosidic linkage
49
simple sugar that are soluble in water
Disaccharides
50
Also known as Cane Sugar or Table Sugar.
sucrose
51
Stored in sugarcane, sugar maple and sugar beets
sucrose
52
Consists of glucose and fructose molecule.
sucrose
53
Transported in a plant’s vascular system (conducting tissue).
sucrose
54
The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose involves the removal of a
molecule of water.
condensation reaction
55
Also known as maltobiose or malt sugar.
maltose
56
stored in barley
maltose
57
consists of two glucose molecules
maltose
58
Created in seeds and other parts of plants as they break down their stored
energy in order to sprout.
maltose
59
Component of Infant milk.
lactose
60
Food for lactobacilli
lactose
61
Use as diluent.
lactose
62
Sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunit.
lactose
63
Composed of many sugar units.
polysaccharides
64
Also known as complex sugars.
polysaccharides
65
Enormous polysaccharide molecules composed of thousands of glucose units.
starches
66
Antidote for iodine poisoning
starches
67
Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants.
starches
68
Plants build up their energy reserves by storing ____________
starch
69
Use as a tablet binder, filler and disintegrant
starches
70
Major component of plant cell walls,
cellulose
71
The cellulose molecule is an unbranched polysaccharide consisting of about
______________ glucose units.
10,000
72
Most abundant organic polymer on Earth, accounts for about 50% by mass of the organic compounds in plants.
cellulose
73
occurring in most mammalian and nonmammalian cells, in microorganisms, and even in some plants.
glycogen
74
glycogen is branched every _________
10 units
75
Storage form of carbohydrates in animals.
glycogen
76
Any group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents.
lipids
77
composed of carbon and hydrogen, although they also contain oxygen.
lipids
78
Function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membranes.
lipids
79
Fat is _______ at room temperature, while oil is ______ at room temperature.
solid, liquid
80
fat and oils consist of a molecule of _____ joined to one, two or three ______
glycerol, fatty acids
81
typically composed of even numbers of carbon atoms and range in length from 4 to 20 carbons or even longer
fatty acids
82
The most common fatty acid
oleic acid
83
contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonding bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
84
ingestion tends to decrease the blood chol level
unsaturated fatty acids
85
oils produced by plants
unsaturated fatty acids
86
contains the max number of hydrogen atoms possible because the contain no C=C
saturated fatty acids
87
fats produced by animals
saturated fatty acids
88
increases chol levels
saturated fatty acids
89
Consists of a glycerol molecule attached to one end to two fatty acids and at the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound.
phospholipids
90
Form double layers or bilayers, in water environments such as cells.
phospholipids
91
Basic component of cell membranes.
phospholipids
92
a waxy substance found in the outer walls of epidermal cells, forms the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems
cutin
93
a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells.
suberin
94
used to harden ointment and cosmetic cream.
waxes
95
Protective coating in industry and arts.
wax
96
used as polishing agent
carnuba wax
97
wax from leaves
carnuba wax
98
also known as yellow wax or white wax
beeswaxs
99
stiffening agent
beeswax
100
produced from the bee worker's saliva; used as tonic
royal jelly
101
Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and S that serve as structural components of cells and tissues.
protein
102
proteins are composed of _________ subunits.
amino acid
103
About ___ amino acids are found in proteins; they differ in their R groups.
20
104
Each contains a carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (- COOH) and a side chain, designated R.
amino acids
105
Animals, can manufacture some amino acids, but they must obtain other amino acids, referred to as:
essential amino acids
106
the order in protein determines its _______ and _______
structure and function
107
each additional AA added to the growing chain likewise forms a _________
between itself and __________.
peptide bond and a polypeptide chain
108
The bond linking one amino acid to another, forms between the _________ of one amino acid and the ___________ of another
carboxyl carbon and amino nitrogen
109
This covalent bond forms as a result of a condensation
reaction.
polypeptide bond
110
linear sequence of amino acids.
primary acid
111
a regular shape, such as a spiral helix, that is caused by rotation
of the polypeptide chain; hydrogen bonding among different parts of the polypeptide
chain causes secondary structure.
secondary structure
112
the overall shape of the polypeptide chain, as determined by
interactions of the side chains of amino acids.
tertiary structure
113
which two or more polypeptide
chains associate to form the final protein molecule.
quaternary structure
114
These are protein molecules that function as catalysts
enzyme
115
they increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur but are not used up in the reactions.
enzyme
116
the material on which the enzyme works is known as the ____________
substrate
117
Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and P.
nucleic acid
118
nucleic acid are composed of repeating unit called _________
nucleotides
119
the two nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
120
Each nucleotide molecule is composed of three parts.
Sugar.
Nitrogenous Base.
Phosphate Group.
121
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
122
composition of ATP
base adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 phosphate molecules.
123
Present in all living cells as their “energy currency”.
ATP
124
Used in the early 19th century to coat and waterproof clothing, but it got sticky at warmer temperatures and brittle at cooler temperatures
rubber tree
125
scientific name of rubber tree
hevea brasiliensis
126
he developed vulcanization, that eliminates its undesirable properties.
charles goodyear
127
US Chemists developed a synthetic rubber synthesized from?
petroleum
128
scientific name of sugar cane
saccharum officinarum
129
scientific name of sugar maple
acer saccharum
130
scientific name of sugar beets
beta vulgaris
131
scientific name of barley
hordeum vulgare
132
scientific name of potato
solanum tuberosum
133
scientific name of carnuba wax
copernicia prunifera
134
scientific name of beeswax
apis melliferao
135
amino acids that animals can produce
non essential amino acids
136
how many essential amino acids do we have
9
137
