Lesson 2

Question 1

aspirin can relieve pain

Answer 1

analgesic

Question 2

reduce fever

Answer 2

antipyretic

Question 3

name assigned to the drug differentiated from trade name by initial lowercase letter; never capitalized.

Answer 3

Common or general name

Question 4

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs.
May be the first drugs of this group to be developed (e.g., penicillin for antibiotics, morphine for opioid analgesics)

Answer 4

Prototype drugs

Question 5

the name which the pharmaceutical company identifies it’s product; copyrighted and used exclusively by that company; can be distinguished from generic name by Capitalized first letter and often shown on labels and references with the symbol after the name (for registered trademark)

Answer 5

Trade name

Question 6

The exact molecular formula of the drug; usually a long, very difficult name to pronounce and of little concern to the health care worker.

Answer 6

Chemical name

Question 7

name of the drug as it appears in the official reference, the USP/NF; generally the same as the generic name

Answer 7

Official name

Question 8

prescription drug; determined unsafe for OTC purchase because of possible side effects if taken indiscriminately; includes birth control pills, antibiotics, cardiac drugs, hormones etc..indicated in the Physician’s desk Reference by the symbol to the far right of the trade name

Answer 8

Legend drugs

Question 9

drug controlled by prescription requirement because of the danger of addiction or abuse..indicated by schedule of numbers C-I to C-V.

Answer 9

Controlled substance

Question 10

not approved for medical use and have high abuse potentials; LSD, heroin, peyote, ecstasy (3,4 methyenedioxy-methamphetamine)

Answer 10

Schedule I

Question 11

used medically. High abuse potential (methadone, meperidine, cocaine, pentobarbital, Tylox)

Answer 11

Schedule II

Question 12

less potential for abuse than I and II but may lead to psychological or physical dependence (Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine)

Answer 12

Schedule III

Question 13

drugs have some potential for abuse (Valium, Dalmane, Klonopin)

Answer 13

Schedule IV

Question 14

contain moderate amounts of controlled substances. An example is Lomotil (atropine and diphenoxylate)

Answer 14

Schedule V

Question 15

studies in pregnant women failed to show risk to the fetus

Answer 15

Category A

Question 16

animal studies have failed to show a risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in women

Answer 16

Category B

Question 17

animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, no adequate human studies, benefits may outweigh risks

Answer 17

Category C

Question 18

positive evidence of human fetal risk

Answer 18

Category D

Question 19

animal or human studies have shown fetal abnormalities or toxicity

Answer 19

Category X

Question 20

a list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used. Ex. Diphenhydramine HCL (Benadryl) indicated fro allergic rhinitis, mild allergic skin reactions, motion sickness and mild cases of parkinsonism.

Answer 20

indications

Question 21

A description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug. Ex. Benadryl appears to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells.

Answer 21

actions

Question 22

A lists of conditions for which the drug should not be given. Ex. Benadryl should not be given on pregnant and lactating mothers

Answer 22

contraindication

Question 23

a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for the specified side effects when given the drug.
Ex. Benadryl have atropine like effect and must be used cautiously with patient with bronchial asthma or hypertension or with older adults

Answer 23

cautions

Question 24

a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than desired effect. Ex Benadryl side effects includes dizziness, sedation, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, anorexia and thickening of bronchial secretions

Answer 24

Side effects and adverse reactions

Question 25

3 side effects associated with antibiotics

Answer 25

- ototoxicity - nephrotoxicity - photosensitivity

Question 26

A lists of drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy. Ex. MAO inhibitors intensify effect of Benadryl causing serious BP  changes and death when taken with other drugs and some food.

Answer 26

interactions

Question 27

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Answer 27

- PLANTS - MINERALS - ANIMALS - SYNTHETIC

Question 28

reaches widespread area of the body

Answer 28

Systemic

Question 29

is limited to area of the body where it administered

Answer 29

Local

Question 30

describes the pharmacokinetic processes which follow a given dosage regimen.

Answer 30

LADME

Question 31

the release of the drug from it's dosage form.

Answer 31

liberation

Question 32

the movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation.

Answer 32

absorption

Question 33

the process by which drug diffuses or is transferred from intravascular space to extravascular space (body tissues).

Answer 33

distribution

Question 34

the chemical conversion or transformation of drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate.

Answer 34

metabolism

Question 35

the elimination of unchanged drug or metabolite from the body via renal, biliary, or pulmonary processes

Answer 35

excretion

Question 36

the first step in the process by which medication enters the body and liberates the active ingredient that has been administered. The pharmaceutical drug must separate from the vehicle or the excipient that it was mixed with during manufacture.

Answer 36

liberation

Question 37

process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated

Answer 37

absorption

Question 38

Factors affecting absorption

Answer 38

dosage form, route of administration, blood flow to the site of administration, gastrointestinal function, presence of food or other drugs

Question 39

Is the portion of a dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

Answer 39

bioavailability

Question 40

refers to the measurement of the time it takes the body to break down and excrete one half of the drug. This is an important factor in the creation of drugs because it tells the manufacturer how long it takes the body to rid itself of the drug.

Answer 40

half life

Question 41

Involves the transport of drug molecules within the body Protein binding is an important factor in drug distribution

Answer 41

distribution

Question 42

After the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood or tissue fluids to its sites of pharmacologic action, metabolism and excretion

Answer 42

distribution

Question 43

is composed of capillaries with tight walls which limits movement of drug molecules into brain tissue

Answer 43

Blood-brain barrier

Question 44

Drug distribution during pregnancy and lactation is unique as most drugs cross the?

Answer 44

placenta or in the case of lactation, pass into breast milk

Question 45

Most drugs form a compound with plasma proteins,--------, which act as carriers

Answer 45

albumin

Question 46

allows a part of a drug dose to be stored and released as needed

Answer 46

protein binding

Question 47

Method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body

Answer 47

metabolism

Question 48

Most drugs are metabolized by the --------- enzymes in the liver Liver contains complex system of enzymes, three of which are key in the metabolism of medications/drugs

Answer 48

cytochrome p450

Question 49

catalyze the chemical reactions which ultimately metabolize the medications

Answer 49

CYP enzymes

Question 50

accelerates drug metabolism. Result is that larger doses of the drug may be need for therapeutic effects.

Answer 50

enzyme induction

Question 51

may occur with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes (e.g., Dilantin, EES(erythromycin ethyl succinate), Tagamet)

Answer 51

enzyme inhibition

Question 52

Oral meds are generally absorbed by the GI tract and carried to the liver. Drug may undergo extensive metabolism leaving little for systemic use. This is called the?

Answer 52

first pass effect

Question 53

is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Answer 53

first pass effect

Question 54

Lab measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time

Answer 54

serum drug levels

Question 55

must be present before a drug exerts its pharmacologic action on body cells

Answer 55

Minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Question 56

time during which serum drug levels are at or above the MEC (may measure serum drug levels when the drugs have a low therapeutic index)

Answer 56

duration of action

Question 57

Refers to the elimination of a drug from the body Most are excreted by the kidneys although some are excreted in the bile then the feces

Answer 57

excretion

Question 58

 is a major mechanism for terminating drug action and eliminating drug molecules from the body

Answer 58

Hepatic drug metabolism or clearance

Question 59

the response of the body to the drug. It refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and any resulting effects namely, the intensity and time course of the effect and adverse effects.

Answer 59

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Question 60

Involves drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions

Answer 60

Pharmacodynamics--Receptors

Question 61

Most drugs chemically bind with receptors at the cellular level

Answer 61

Pharmacodynamics--Receptors

Question 62

Drug-receptor complex initiates physiochemical reactions that stimulate or inhibit cellular functions

Answer 62

Pharmacodynamics--Receptors

Question 63

Receptors vary in type, location, number and functional capacity

Answer 63

Pharmacodynamics--Receptors

Question 64

When drug molecules chemically bind with cell receptors, pharmacologic effects result from agonism or antagonism

Answer 64

Pharmacodynamics--Receptors

Question 65

are drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters and others. May accelerate or slow normal cellular processes depending on the type of receptor activated. Examples of Opioid -------: Morphine, Hydrocodone (pain relief /euphoria)

Answer 65

Agonists

Question 66

drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites. Not all drugs act on receptors. Examples include: antacids, osmotic diuretics, chelators example of Opioid receptors, examples of ------- are Naloxone (Narcan), Naltrexone and Nalmefene.

Answer 66

Antagonists

Question 67

is a drug, chelating substance, or a chemical that counteracts (neutralizes) the effects of another drug or a poison.

Answer 67

antidote

Question 68

the action of 2 drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone.  Drugs that work together are synergistic. Ex. Use of two opioids like morphine and oxycodone may be more effective than just one because both opioids have a slightly different action on opioid receptors

Answer 68

Synergism

Question 69

giving small amounts can relieve pain safely ex. Promethazine (phenergan) and meperidine (demerol).  Large amounts could be addictive.

Answer 69

desirable synergism

Question 70

sedatives and barbiturates given in combination can depress CNS to dangerous levels depending on the strength of each

Answer 70

undesirable synergism

Question 71

the action of 2 drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. EX, many macrolides (erythromycin, troleandomycin), which are antibiotics, potentiate the effects of ergot derivatives such as ergotamine which is a vasoconstrictor agent. The explanation of this potentiation responsible of serious adverse effects is that macrolides inhibit the inactivation of ergotamine which accumulates in the body at toxic levels

Answer 71

potentiation

Question 72

to build up a high level of some forms of penicillin (antibiotic) in the blood, the drug probenecid (benemid) antigout  given simultaneously.  Benemid potentiates the effect of penicillin by slowing the excretion rate of the antibiotic

Answer 72

desirable potentiation

Question 73

toxic effect may result if cimetidine (tagamet/gastric antisecretory) is given simultaneously with tofranil(antidepressant).  Tagamet potentiates the level of antidepressant concentration in the blood.

Answer 73

undesirable potentiation

Question 74

Variables that affect drug actions

Answer 74

- Dosage - Route - Drug-diet interactions. Food may slow absorption or foods may actually interact with certain medications (tyramine and MAO inhibitors; tetracycline and milk products; ingestion when taking certain antihypertensive medications - Drug-drug interations-additive effects such as seen with sedatives and ethanol. Synergism as seen with acetaminophen and codeine. - Antidote—drug can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug

Question 75

Variables that affect drug actions

Answer 75

- Age - Pregnancy - Body weight - Gender-hormonal effects - Pathologic conditions - Placebo response

Question 76

amount of drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect.

Answer 76

dosage

Question 77

smallest amount of drug that produce therapeutic effect

Answer 77

minimum dose

Question 78

largest amount of drugs that will produce desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity

Answer 78

maximum dose

Question 79

initial high dose (Max. dose) use to quickly elevate the level of drug in the blood followed by a series of low maintenance doses.

Answer 79

loading dose

Question 80

dose required to keep the blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect

Answer 80

maintenance dose

Question 81

amount that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning

Answer 81

toxic dose

Question 82

dose that causes death

Answer 82

lethal dose

Question 83

customarily given (ave. adult dose based on body weight of 150lbs; adjusted according to variations from the norm

Answer 83

therapeutic dose

Question 84

ROUTE 2 Category

Answer 84

1.GI routes Oral (PO) Nasogastric (NG) Rectal (R) 2.  Parenteral Sublingual( SL) or buccal Injection routes ·Intravenous (IV) ·Intramuscular (IM) ·Subcutaneous (subQ) ·Intradermal (ID) ·Intracardiac, intraspinal, intracapular Topical (T) ·Dermal (D) ·Mucosal Inhalation

Question 85

Oral route

Answer 85

easiest

Question 86

fastest administered by IV push or bolus (Concentrated drug solution)or diluted infused slowly by IVdrip. Best route for emergency treatment

Answer 86

IV route

Question 87

are choice if NPO status or drug not suitable for GI absorption

Answer 87

PARENTERAL ROUTES

Question 88

is fairly rapid because muscles are highly vascular, desirable to retard the speed of absorption, can be added to oily base drugs

Answer 88

IM route

Question 89

causes development of physical defects to fetus in vitro

Answer 89

teratogenic

Question 90

unique, unusual response to a drug. Ex. Tranquilizer causes agitation and excitement  rather than tranquility

Answer 90

idiosyncracy

Question 91

Opposite effect from that expected

Answer 91

paradoxical

Question 92

decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses.  To achieve desired effect dosage is increased or replaced.

Answer 92

tolerance

Question 93

Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug is discontinued. Psychological-craving, no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety Physical – cells actually have need of the drug like retching, nausea, pain tremors or sweating

Answer 93

dependence

Question 94

immune response (allergy) to a drug in varying degrees -rash , hives after 3-4 days of drug therapy

Answer 94

hypersensitivity

Question 95

severe, possibly fatal. Allergic (hypersensitivity) response -signs are itching, urticarial(hives), hyperemia (reddened warm skin) vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, dyspnea.

Answer 95

anaphylactic reaction