Lesson 2

Question 1

Social evolution went hand-in-hand with the processes of socialization and
enculturation

Answer 1

Social evolution

Question 2

• Refers to process of whereby organisms undergo various genetic and
  physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity.
• A process of descent with modification

Answer 2

Biological evolution

Question 3

• They learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such
  as planting crops, domesticating animals, and trade.
• As people learned to live together as a society, shared beliefs, ideas,
  values, attitudes, practices, knowledge, and material possessions were
  accumulated over time and forged a sense of culture among the members
  of society

Answer 3

Technological evolution

Question 4

• They refer this evolution as the mutual interactive evolution of human
  biology and culture.
• The concept focuses on the idea that biology makes culture possible and
  that developing culture further influences the direction of biological
  evolution

Answer 4

Biocultural evolution

Question 5

It is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic
and hunter-gatherer lifestyle

Answer 5

Savage stage

Question 6

It is interconnected with people’s capacity for language, tool-making, and
technological innovation

Answer 6

Cultural development

Question 7

It is the middle stage of development where people began learning
agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals

Answer 7

Barbaric Stage

Question 8

It is the highest stage of development where people learned writing

Answer 8

Civilised stage

Question 9

For him, individual members within societies engage in a competition for
survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior
type

Answer 9

Herbert Spencer

Question 10

organisms that are better adapted to their environment are best suited to survive and successfully reproduce

Answer 10

Survival of the fittest

Question 11

An individual’s attitudes, beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural
context of his or her society

Answer 11

Cultural relativism

Question 12

• These groups had a simple social structure, and social roles were largely
  defined by age, sex, and the division of labor.
• The earliest societies were compromised of the hunter-gatherers simply
  referred as band-level societies or bands.
• They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly
  organized

Answer 12

Band-Level Societies

Question 13

This was a more formal organization made up of several bands and groups
that were connected through a clan structure or kinship

Answer 13

Tribe

Question 14

• He is the leader of the tribe and was a more formal and established leader.
• He also performed other responsibilities such as resolving conflict;
  overseeing activities such as planting, harvesting, and the movement of
  herds; organizing feasts and celebrations

Answer 14

Headman

Question 15

• Consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief.
• Within chiefdom, the more complicated interactions among member tribes
  as well as the large populations and territories are further transformed
  leadership roles and gave the chief more complex responsibilities

Answer 15

Chiefdom

Question 16

• This event introduced significant social, cultural, and political changes in
  the lives of the people of Europe.
• It is were mainly technological in nature.
• The inventions and technological breakthroughs that were achieved
  significantly altered economic activities, paving the way for massive social,
  cultural, and political changes in society.

Answer 16

The Industrial Revolution

Question 17

“Let be” is the principle of nonintervention of government in economic
affairs. It is the heart of the doctrine that the economy works best when left
alone by government

Answer 17

Laisser-faire (let alone)

Question 18

• It is the highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man
  which is the self-sufficiency.
• For him, the polis is the reflection of the natural order, as the city-state is
  composed of people who govern and those who are governed.

Answer 18

Polis or City-State

Question 19

An agreement made by the members of society that defines and
influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority.

Answer 19

Social contract

Question 20

Is seen as being in a continuous state of conflict as the different classes
within society attempt to control the means of production.

Answer 20

Society

Question 21

• French word Bureau – office
• German word Kratos – hierarchy
• Literally, bureaucracy means rule by officials. Today, the term refers to the
  system of administration of any large institution. He then considered the
  bureaucracy as characterized by rationally, rule-governed behavior, and
  impersonal authority

Answer 21

Bureaucracy

Question 22

He distinguished archaic, traditional societies from modern societies.

Answer 22

Emile Durkheim