Lesson 2

Question 1

organizational environment in which users own their data exclusively

Answer 1

Flat-file approach

Question 2

most elemental piece of potentially useful data in the database.

Answer 2

Data attribute

Question 3

state of data elements being represented in all user files.

Answer 3

Data redundancy

Question 4

efficient information system that captures and stores data only once and makes this single source available to all users who need it.

-To meet the private data needs of users, organizations must incur the costs of both multiple collection and multiple storage procedures.

Answer 4

Data storage

Question 5

the periodic updating of data stored in the files of an organization.

This adds significantly to the cost of data management

Answer 5

Data updating

Question 6

the problem associated with the flat-file model because of its failure to update all the user files affected by a change in status; may result in decisions based on outdated information.

Answer 6

Currency of information

Question 7

the user’s inability to obtain additional information as his or her needs change.

user’s information set is constrained by the data that he or she possesses and controls.

Answer 7

Task-data dependency

Question 8

The most obvious change from the flat-file model is the pooling of data into a common database that is shared by all the users.

Answer 8

THE DATABASE APPROACH

Question 9

software system that controls access to the data resource.

programmed to know which data elements each user is authorized to access

Answer 9

database management system (DBMS)

Question 10

database model that represents data in a hierarchical structure and permits only a single parent record for each child record.

Answer 10

hierarchical model

Question 11

individuals who employ systems, receive information, and act on the information received.

Answer 11

Users

Question 12

a data model that is more flexible than traditional navigational models. It allows users to create new and unique paths through the database to solve a wide range of business problems.

Answer 12

relational model

Question 13

models that possess explicit links or paths among data elements.

Answer 13

Navigational models

Question 14

physical arrangement of records in the database.

Answer 14

internal view

Question 15

Elements of the Database Environment

Answer 15

Users
The DBMS
The database administrator
The physical database

Question 16

programming language used to define the database to the database management system.

Answer 16

Data definition language (DDL)

Question 17

description of the entire database.

Answer 17

CONCEPTUAL VIEW (SCHEMA)

Question 18

set of data that a particular user needs to achieve his or her assigned tasks.

Answer 18

USER VIEW (SUBSCHEMA

Question 19

a technique used to locate records and navigate through the database.

Answer 19

DBMS OPERATION: Access method

Question 19

language used to insert special database commands into application programs written in conventional languages.

Answer 19

Data manipulation language (DML)

Question 20

sequential file structure accessed via an index.

Answer 20

indexed sequential file

Question 20

The indexed sequential file is a sequential file structure accessed via an index.

Answer 20

Query Language

Question 20

the individual responsible for managing the database resource.

Answer 20

database administrator (DBA)

Question 21

description of every data element in the database.

Answer 21

data dictionary

Question 22

lowest level of the database containing magnetic spots on magnetic disks.

Answer 22

physical database

Question 23

sequential file structure accessed via an index.

Answer 23

indexed sequential file

Question 24

a cross-reference created from multiple indexes.

Answer 24

The inverted list

Question 25

proposed the principles of the relational model in the late 1960s.

Answer 25

E. F. Codd

Question 26

blueprint for what ultimately will become the physical database.

Answer 26

data model

Question 27

detailed analysis of the organization’s information needs.

Answer 27

A top-down approach

Question 28

a client organization’s database developers may modify the model to suit the company’s specific needs.

Answer 28

bottom-up approach

Question 29

resource, event, or agent

Answer 29

entity

Question 29

documentation technique used to represent the relationship among data entities in a system.

Answer 29

entity relationship (ER) diagram

Question 30

high-level perspective of the overall schema, which presents only the key entities and their relationships; it does not show the data types and keys contained within the entities.

Answer 30

entity-level ER diagram

Question 31

describes how data in one entity are related to data in another entity.

Answer 31

relation

Question 32

describe the number of instances or records that pertain to a specific entity.

Answer 32

Occurrence

Question 32

the equivalents to adjectives in the English language that serve to describe the objects.

Answer 32

Attributes

Question 32

relationship among record types.

Answer 32

Association

Question 33

numerical mapping between entity instances.

Answer 33

Cardinality

Question 33

the formal name for a row in the table.

Answer 33

tuple

Question 34

set of characteristics that uniquely identify each record in the tables.

Answer 34

Primary key

Question 34

keys that permit the physical connection of logically related tables to achieve the associations described in the data model.

Answer 34

Foreign keys

Question 35

negative operational symptoms caused by improperly normalized tables.

Answer 35

Anomalies

Question 36

low degree of normalization of relational database tables.

Answer 36

The first normal form (INF)

Question 37

table that is free of both repeating group and partial dependencies.

Answer 37

second normal form (2NF)

Question 38

normalization that occurs by dividing an unnormalized database into smaller tables until all attributes in the resulting tables are uniquely and wholly dependent on (explained by) the primary key.

Answer 38

third normal form (3NF)

Question 39

an unintentional updating of data in a table, resulting from data redundancy.

Answer 39

update anomaly

Question 40

an unintentional insertion of data into a table.

Answer 40

insertion anomaly

Question 41

multiple values for a particular attribute exist in a specific tuple.

Answer 41

Repeating groups

Question 41

combining the data needs of all users into a single schema or enterprise-wide view

Answer 41

View integration

Question 42

unintentional deletion of data from a table.

Answer 42

deletion anomaly

Question 43

one or more nonkey attributes are dependent on (defined by) only part of the primary key rather than the whole key.

Answer 43

Partial dependencies

Question 44

comprised of two attributes: INVOICE NUM and PROD NUM.

Answer 44

composite key

Question 44

is reorganizing the IT function into small information processing units (IPUs) that are distributed to end users and placed under their control.

Answer 44

Distributed data processing (DDP)

Question 44

table where nonkey attributes are dependent on another nonkey attribute and are independent of the table’s primary key.

Answer 44

Transitive dependencies

Question 45

database retained in a central location.

Answer 45

Centralized database

Question 46

a firm’s data files accurately reflect the effects of its transactions.

Answer 46

Data currency

Question 47

occurs during accounting transactions, account balances pass through a state where the values are incorrectly stated.

Answer 47

Temporary inconsistency

Question 48

software control (usually a function of the DBMS) that prevents multiple simultaneous accesses to data.

Answer 48

database lockout is software control (usually a function of the DBMS) that prevents

Question 49

database approach that splits the central database into segments or partitions that are distributed to their primary users.

Answer 49

Partitioned database

Question 50

is a “wait” state that occurs between sites when data are locked by multiple sites that are waiting for the removal of the locks from the other sites.

Answer 50

deadlock

Question 51

database approach in which the central database is replicated at each site.

Answer 51

Replicated databases

Question 52

method in which the root segment (customer file) of the database is organized as an indexed file.

Answer 52

Hierarchical indexed direct access method

Question 53

system that ensures that transactions processed at each site are accurately reflected in the databases at all other sites.

Answer 53

Concurrency control