Lesson 2,3,4 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Its function is to filter blood and crate urine as a waste by-product
A
Urinary system
2
Q
Remove waste and extra water from the blood and help keep chemicals balanced in the body
A
Kidney
3
Q
A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
A
ureter
4
Q
A sac that’s serves as a reservoir for urine
A
Urinary bladder
5
Q
The tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body
A
urethra
6
Q
Size of urethra for female
A
3-4 cm
7
Q
Size of urethra for male
A
20 cm
8
Q
Is actually a fluid biopsy of the kidney
A
urine
9
Q
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
10
Q
How many nephrons per kidney?
A
1 to 1.5 million
11
Q
2 type of nephron
A
- Cortical nephrons
- Juxtamedulary nephrons
12
Q
Are situated primarily in the cortex of the kidney, approximately 85% of nephrons
A
Cortical nephrons
13
Q
Are responsible primarily for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients
A
Cortical nephrons
14
Q
Their primary function is concentration of the urine
A
Juxtamedulary nephron
15
Q
Have a longer loop of Henle that extends deep into the medulla of the kidney
A
Juxtamedulary nephron
16
Q
Detects low blood pressure and low blood volume which triggers RAAS
A
Juxtamedulary nephron
17
Q
Order of urine formation
A
- Glomerulus
- Proximal convoluted tumble (PCT)
- Loof of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Collecting duct
- Calyx
- Renal pelvis
18
Q
Responsible for selective reabsorption of blood and salt
A
Loop of henle
19
Q
it is the major side of reabsorption
A
Proximal convoluted tubule
20
Q
What are the 4 renal function?
A
- Renal blood flow
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
21
Q
The human kidneys receive approximately ____ of the blood pumped through the heart at all times
A
25%
22
Q
What is the total renal blood flow?
A
1,200 mL/min
23
Q
What is the total renal plasma flow?
A
600-700mL/min
24
Q
What is the order of renal blood flow?
A
- Renal artery
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
- Renal vein
25
It is the working portion of the kidney
glomerulus
26
A coil of approximately eight capillary lobes, located within the Bowman' capsule
glomerulus
27
A nonselective filter of plasma substances with MW <70,000 dalton
Glomerulus
28
Glomerulus is a non selective filter of plasma substances with MW __________
<70,000 Dalton
29
It is a capillary endothelium with its large pores
Glomerular filtration barrier
30
It has trilayer basement membrane
Glomerular filtration barrier
31
What are the trilayer basement of the glomerular filtration barrier?
1. Lamina rara interna
2. Lamina densa
3. Lamina rara externa
32
It is a filtration diaphragm found between the podocytes of Bowman's space
Glomerular filtration barrier
33
What is the maximum of glomerular filtrate?
70,000
34
What is the maximum of albumin?
69,000
35
Glomerular filtrate has an S.G of _____ and ____ albumin
1.010
No
36
What are the glomerular filtrate that is usually filtered?
Salt
Water
Amino acid
Glucose
urea
37
If it were not for the __________________, all routine urine would have a positive readings on reagent strip for protein and albumin
Shield of negativity
38
1st function to be affected in renal disease
Tubular reabsorption
39
How many percent does tubular reabsorption has in renal function?
65%
40
It is responsible for when the filtrate concentration exceeds the maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm) of the tubules, and the substance begins appearing in the urine.
Tubular reabsorption
41
It is the plasma concentration at which active transport stops
Renal threshold
42
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
160-180 mg/dL
43
It is the movement of substance across call membrane into the bloodstream by electrochemical energy
Active transport
44
It is the movement of substance across a membrane by diffusion because of physical gradient
Passive transport
45
Patient with Normal blood glucose level + glucose in urine = _____________
Tubular damage
46
It involves the passage of substances from the blood in peritubular capillaries to the tubular fitrate
Tubular secretion
47
2 major functions of tubular secretion
1. Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of hydrogen ions
2. Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
48
It is the major site for removal of nonfiltered substances
Proximal convoluted tubule
49
It is when the urine is alkaline
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
50
Failure to produce an acid urine due to inability to secrete hydrogen ions
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
51
It regulate water reabsorption in the DCT and CD
Anti-diuretic hormone
52
It is also known as anti-diuretic hormone
vasopressin
53
Responsible for controlling the urination
Anti-diuretic hormone
54
It is the ADH deficiency which leads to polyuria
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
55
It is when there is excess ADH which leads to oliguria
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
56
It is when there is excess ADH which leads to oliguria
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
57
It is responsible for the salt concentration
Aldosterone
58
It regulates salt reabsorption in the DCT
aldosterone
59
It regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
60
It responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content that are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
61
It is used to evaluate glomerular filtartion
Clearance test
62
It measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood
Clearance test
63
It is obsolete in the clearance test
Urea
64
It is the most common in the clearance test
Creatinine
65
It is the gold standard or the reference method in the clearance tests
Insulin with MW of 5,200 Dalton
66
It is the better marker of renal tubular function in the clearance test
Beta 2-microglobulin with MW of 11,800 Dalton
67
It is a measure of the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection
Creatinine clearance
68
By far the greatest source or error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine is the ___________________
Use of improperly timed urine specimens
69
Around_______ of creatinine is secreted by the renal tubules
7-10%
70
It is used to evaluate tubular reabsorption
Concentration test
71
What are the 2 obsolete concentration test
1. Fishborg test
2. Mosenthal
72
What test is done when Patient is deprived of fluid up to 24 hours
Fishborg test
73
In what test does a patient maintain normal diet and fluid intake, where the day and night urine are compared in terms of volume and S.G?
Mosenthal
74
It is a test influenced by the number and density of particles in a solutuon
Specific gravity
75
It is more precise than osmolarity because it does not vary with temperature. It is also influenced by the number and density of particles in a solution
Osmolality
76
What are the tests for tubular secretion and renal blood flow
1. p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) Test
2. Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) Test
3. Urine pH, titratable acidity, urinary ammonia
77
who inferred diagnoses from urine evaluation?
Hippocrates
Aristotle
ancient Egyptians
78
It was until when that uroscopy reached diagnostic dominance?
middle ages
79
the publication of _________ is a major reason for the rise to prominence of uroscopy
Johannes de Ketham's Fasciculus Medicinae in 1491
80
It is the first illustrated medical book printed and it depicted the urine wheel
Johannes de Ketham's Fasciculus Medicinae in 1491
81
it is a large circle surrounded by thin-necked, urine flasks. this shows how the color and consistency of the urine could be matched to a diagnosis
urine wheel
82
What are the 4 humours?
Sanguineous = blood
choleric = yellow bile
phlegmatic = phlegm
melancholic = black bile
83
he first documented the importance of sputum examination; uroscopy
hippocrates
84
he discovered albuminuria by boiling urine
Frederik Dekkers
85
who wrote a book about "pisse prophets"
Thomas Bryant
86
he contributed the examination of urine sediment
Thomas Addis
87
He introduced urinalysis as part of doctor's routine patient examination
Richard Bright
88
he coined urochrome
Ludwig Thudichum
89
it is the pigment of urine (yellow)
urochrome
90
he discovered cerebrospinal fluid
Domenico Cotugno
91
he termed Phenylketonuria
Ivan Falling
92
he termed Alkaptonuria
Archibald Garrod
93
he discovered Orthostatic or cyclic proteinuria
Frederick William Pavy
94
cystine calculi
William Wollaston
95
Benedict's reagent
Stanley Benedict
96
they used to detect diabetes by using the "taste test"
babylonians and egyptians
97
they noticed that "honey urine" attracted ants
hindu physicians
98
what is the water and solute composoition of urine?
95-97% water
3-5% solute
99
it is the major organic substance
urea
100
it is the major inorganic substance
chloride
101
it is the principal salt
NaCl
102
it is clean, dry, leaked-proof __________, with a wide base and an opening of at least 4cm
container
103
the container should be made of _____ to allow for determination of color and clarity
clear material
104
the recommended capacity of the container is ____ which allows ___ of specimen needed for microscopic analysis
50 mL
12 mL
105
proper labeling of the specimen includes:
1. patient's last and first name
2. identification number
3. date and time of collection
4. patient's age
5. location
6. healthcare provider's name
7. preservative used if any
8. patient's sex
106
it must be attached to the container, not to the lid, and should not be detached
label
107
this must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory, its information should match the information on the specimen label
requisition form
108
routine screening
can be collected anytime
ideal for cytology studies
random/occasional/single
109
random urine specimen is ideal for cytology studies only if with prior ____________ and __________ 5 mins before collection
exercise and hydration
110
ideal for routine analysis
essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests
most acidic and most concentrated
for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
first morning
111
2nd voided urine after a period of fasting
for glucose determination
second morning/fasting
112
for diabetic screening and monitoring
preferred for testing glucose
2-hour post-prandial
113
optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance
glucose tolerance
114
at least 2 voided collection
used in diagnosis of diabetes
fractional specimen
115
for routine screening and bacterial culture
midstream clean-catch
116
for bacterial culture
may be urethral or ureteral
catherized
117
bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology
suprapubic aspiration
118
use soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive
pediatric specimen
119
for prostatic infection
three-glass technique
120
three-glass technique normal result
slight contam
sterile
sterile
121
three-glass technique for prostatitis
slight contam
sterile
incresed wbc +bacteria
122
three-glass technique for UTI
contam
contam
invalid
123
it has VB1, VB2, EPS, VB3
Stamey-Mears test for prostatitis
124
for quantitative testing:
24 hr =
12 hr =
4 hr (first morning) =
afternoon (2-4pm) =
timed specimen
requires preservatives
for addis count
for nitrite determination
for urobilinogen determination
125
it is the process providing documentation of proper sample ID from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory result
chain of reaction
126
required urine volume for drug testing
30-40 ml
127
container capacity for drug testing
60 ml
128
temperature within 4 mins.
32.5-37.7 C
129
it is added to toilet water reservoir during drug testing
bluing agent
130
