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Medical Parasitology > Lesson 2 - Nematodes > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - Nematodes Flashcards

Nematodes (54 cards)

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1
Q

Common name: Giant Roundworm/Ascariasis

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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2
Q

Most common and largest nematode. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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3
Q

Habitat: small inestine

A

Ascaris lumbricoides / Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale / Strongyloides stercoralis / Capillaria philippinensis

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4
Q

Transmitted by embryonated eggs (embryonated eggs are infective stage)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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5
Q

Diagnostic test for Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • Direct fecal smear
  • Kato-katz technique
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6
Q

Pathogenesis:
- Major damage occurs during larval migration
- Principal site of tissue reaction is the lungs, where inflammation with an eosinophilic exudate occurs
- Heavy worm burden > malnutrition

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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7
Q

Lung Phase (L3 > L5):
- Hypersensitivity pneumonutus (Loefeller’s Syndrome)

Intestinal phase (L5 > Adult Worm):
- acute intestinal obstruction
- malabsorption syndrome
- nutrient deficiencies

Wandering Worms:
- Due to erratic behavior of adult worms
- Hepatobiliary ascariasis
- Pancreatitis, appendicitis

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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8
Q

Treatment of choice for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Albendazole (has greater larvicidal activity than mebendazole)

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9
Q

Hookworm (Miner’s Anemia, “tunnel disease”, Wakana disease, “brickmaker’s anemia”, “Egyptian chlorosis”

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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10
Q

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH)
Blood-sucking nematodes
Differentiated based on character of buccal spsears of filariform larvae

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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11
Q

Transmission is by skin penetration by filariform larva (L3)

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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12
Q

Diagnostic Stage: Eggs in feces.

Diagnosed by:
- Direct fecal smear
- Kato-katz technique
- Harada-Mori culture

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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13
Q

The major damage is due to the loss of blood at the site of attachment in the small intestine (0.1 - 0.3 mL/worm/day).

Blood is consumed by the worm and oozes from the site in response to an anticoagulant made by the worm.

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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14
Q

Cutaneous phase:
- Penetration of L3 to the skin
- Ground itch
- Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)

Lung Phase:
- Lung migration of L3
- Simply Lung eosinophilia (Loeffler’s syndrome)

Intestinal Phase:
- L3 > L5
- Up to 200mL of blood may be lost per day. Iron deficiency (microcytic hypochromic) anemia - weakness and pallor
- Protein malnutrition (hypoalbuminemia)

A

Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

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15
Q

Treatment of choice for Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Albendazole

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16
Q

Common name: Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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17
Q

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH)

Inhabits the large intestine. Transmitted by ingestion of embryonated eggs.

A

Trichuris trichiura

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18
Q

Diagnostic stage: unembryonated eggs

Diagnostic test:
- Direct fecal smear
- Kato-katz technique (lemon-shaped or barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs/football-shaped eggs)

A

Trichuris trichiura

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19
Q

Burrow their hairlike anterior ends into the intestinal mucosa.

Does NOT cause significant anemia.

A

Trichuris trichiura

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20
Q

Symptoms:
- Diarrhea
- Rectal prolapse (from increased peristalsis to expel the worms)

A

Trichuris trichiura

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21
Q

Treatment for Trichuris trichiura

A

Mebendazole

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22
Q

Common name: Pinworm/Seatworm/Enterobiasis/Oxyuriasis

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A

Enterobius vermicularis

23
Q

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH)
Life cycle is confined to humans.
MC STH in developed countries. A cosmopolitan worm.

Habitat: Large Intestine

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A

Enterobius vermicularis

24
Q

Transmitted by ingestion of embryonated eggs

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A

Enterobius vermicularis

25
Diagnostic stage: Eggs on perianal folds. Diagnostic test: - Graham’s scotch / cellulose tape test (D-shaped ovum with thin colorless cell wall)
Enterobius vermicularis
26
Female releases thousands of fertilized eggs on perianal skin Eggs develop into larvae, causing anal pruritus. Autoinfection can occur.
Enterobius vermicularis
27
Spectrum of disease: - Pruritus ani - Eosinophlic enterocolitis - Vulvovaginitis - Salpingitis - Appendicitis (oxuriasis)
Enterobius vermicularis
28
Treatment of choice for Enterobius vermicularis
Pyrantel Pamoate
29
Common name: Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloides stercoralis
30
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) Facultative parasites Only helminth that causes greater pathology in AIDS patients
Strongyloides stercoralis
31
Transmitted by skin penetration of filariform larva (L3)
Strongyloides stercoralis
32
Diagnostic stage: Rhabtidiform (L1) Diagnostic Test: - Harada-Mori culture (distinguished by their prominent genital primordium and a pointed tail)
Strongyloides stercoralis
33
Larvae penetrate intestinal wall directly without leaving host and migrate to the lungs (autoinfection)
Strongyloides stercoralis
34
Cutaneous Phase: - Penetration of L3 to the skin - Acute: Ground Itch - Chronic: serpiginous track (larva currens) Lung Phase: - Lung migration of L3 - Acute: Loeffler’s syndrome - Chronic: Paradoxical asthma Intestinal Phase: - Mild watery diarrhea - Burrowing into the mucosa and submucosa - ulceration and sloughing - duodenitis Disseminated strongyloidiasis: hyperinfection syndrome (in immunocompromised)
Strongyloides stercoralis
35
Common worm: Pudoc Worm / Capillariasis / Mystery Disease / Wasting Disease
Capillaria philippinensis
36
Intestinal nematode Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird
Capillaria philippinensis
37
Transmitted by ingestion of infected fish with L3 larvae
Capillaria philippinensis
38
Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated egg Diagnostic test: - Direct fecal smear - Kato-katz technique (Peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs)
Capillaria philippinensis
38
Embryonated eggs can cause autoinfection and hyperinfection Ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes - severe malnutrition
Capillaria philippinensis
39
Acute disease: - Borborygmi - fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia Chronic disease: - Chronic watery diarrhea - Edema, wasting - Protein-losing enteropathy - Hypogammaglobulinemia
Capillaria philippinensis
40
Treatment of choice for Capillaria philippinensis
Albendazole
41
Disease: Filariasis Blood and tissue nematode Most delibitating nematode infection.
Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi
42
Transmitted by mosquito bite. Infective stage: third-stage larva (L3) Diagnostic stage: Microfilariae (L1) Diagnostic test: - Thick blood smear - curved or kinky microfilariae - Specimen collection - best done at night between 8 PM and 4 AM - nocturnal periodicity - DEC provocation test
Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi
43
Pathogenesis: Adult worms in the lymph nodes > inflammation > lymphatic obstruction > lymphedema
Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi
44
Acute disease: - Acute adenolymphangitis - Filarial fever - Nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia) - Expatriate syndrome Chronic disease: - Hydrocele - Elephantiasis - Milky Urine (chyluria)
Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi
45
Treatment of choice for Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine
46
Disease: Trichinosis
Trichinella spiralis
47
Tissue nematode. IH: Pigs Transmitted by undercooked pork. Infective & Diagnostic stage Encysted larvae.
Trichinella spiralis
48
Diagnostic test: - Muscle biopsy - most definitive; larvae within striated muscle - Elevated CPKs - Xenodiagnosis - Bentonite Flocculation test
Trichinella spiralis
49
Pathogenesis: - Intestinal stage - liberated from pork by gastric juices - Muscle stage - disseminated hematogenously to striated skeletal muscle > encysted within a host-derived cell (nurse cell)
Trichinella spiralis
50
Mild Disease: - Fever, muscle pain (myalgia) - Periorbital edema - Eosinophilia - Hemorrhagic phenomena (subconjunctival splinter) Severe Disease: - Myocarditis - Encephalitis - Pneumonia - Respiratory myositis
Trichinella spiralis
51
Treatment of choice for Trichinella spiralis
Thiabendazole
52
Found in: Sorsogon, Albay, Samar, Mindoro, Leyte, Marinduque, Palawan, Romblon, Camarines, All of Mindanao
Bancroftian Filariasis
53

Medical Parasitology (3 decks)

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