LESSON 2: THE CELL CYCLE Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
- sequence of growth and division of a cell
- name we give the process through which cells replicate and 2 new cells
- has different stages: G1, S, G2, and M
A
cell cycle
2
Q
- process that enables cells to change and acquire specific structures and functions
- importance:
- development
- maintenance
- tissue repair
A
cell modification
- has 3 types:
- differentiation
- specialization
- adaption
3
Q
- less specialized cell to a more specialized cell
e.g, embryonic development (stem cell > nerve cell)
tissue regeneration (cells in tissue like skin can differentiate to replace damaged cells)
stem cell > muscle/fat/bone/blood/nervous/epithelial/immune/sex cell
A
differentiation
4
Q
- cell develops specific structures and functions tailored to perform particular tasks
e.g, RBC ( O transport due to presence of hemogoblin)
neurons ( transmits nerve impulses)
A
specialization
5
Q
- modifications in a cell
- undergoes in response to environmental changes
e.g, muscle cells (mitochondria increases, physical activity increases)
A
adaption
6
Q
cell modification according to location
A
top: apical
mid: lateral
bot: basal
7
Q
- found on apical surface of the cell
A
apical modification
8
Q
- locomotion
- formed from microtubules
A
cilia & flagella
9
Q
move cell / engulf prey
A
pseudopods
9
Q
- found in intestines (bowel movement)
A
villi & microvilli
10
Q
- compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface
- glycoprotein = main ingredient
A
extracellular matrix (ecm)
11
Q
- desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
- like an anchor on basal surface of the cell
- connects ecm
A
basal modification
12
Q
found on basal surface of the cell
A
lateral modification
13
Q
lateral modification:
- prevent leakage of ecf (extracellular fluid)
- regulate movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers
A
tight junction
14
Q
lateral modification:
- fasten cells like stapler
A
adhering junction
15
Q
communicating junctions
e.g,: plants: xylem, phloem: H2O and nutrients transport
guard cell: regulates gas exchange and H2O loss
animals: bone cells (osteocytes): maintain bone structure
skin cells (keratinocytes): form protective barrier
A
gap junctions
16
Q
implications of cell modification
A
development processes: formation of tissues & organs
diseases & disorders
tissue engineering
17
Q
- cells grow, organelles double prior to the actual
- 95% of the cells’ life is spent here
- has 3 parts
- Growth 1 (G1)
- Synthesis (S)
- Growth 2 (G2)
- lasts 3-15 hours
A
interphase
18
Q
-organelles double
-each cell needs a complete set of organelles
A
g1
19
Q
-dna is replicated
-each cell needs a complete and identical set of DNA
A
s
20
Q
-proteins needed for mitosis are produced
A
g2
21
Q
- doubles and separates during mitosis
- chromatin is packed here
- dna is tangled to a substance of chromatin
- structures of tightly packed dna
A
chromosomes
21
Q
- process by which the cell nucleus divides into 2 identical nuclei
- “identical twins”
- only lasts 7hrs
- occurs in steps:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokineses
A
mitosis
22
Q
- shortest phase, 2 events only
1. chromosomes line up across middle of the cell
2. spindle fibers connect
A
metaphase
22
1. chromosomes condense and are more visible
2. the nuclear membrane disappears
3. centrioles have separated and taken positions on the opposite poles of the cell
4. spindle fibers form and radiate toward cell's center
prophase
23
- 3 events
1. centromeres that join sister chromatids split
2. sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes
3. separated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
24
- last mitosis phase
1. chromosomes uncoil
2. a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell
3. spindle fibers breakdown and dissolves
4. cytokinesis begins
telophase
25
- division of cytoplasm to 2 individual cells
cytokinesis
26
- sperm and egg cell combine
- how humans are formed
- "extra"
- makes egg in ovaries and sperm
meiosis
27
combination of egg and cell
zygote is formed (46 chromosomes)
28
cell with 2 of each kind of chromosomes (1 from each parent)
diploid (2n)
29
gametes (either sperm or egg cells)
haploid
30
organism-gamete
fruit fly
dog
pea
human
(fdph)
(frst)
4
39
7
23
30
- paired chromosomes w/genes for the same trait arranged in same order
- may have different alleles
homologous chromosomes
31
- chromosomes replicate
- each chromosome has 2 identical sister chromatids
interphase 1
31
- exchange of gene material by non-sister chromatids during late prophase 1 of meiosis
- results of new combination of alleles
crossing over
32
- each pair of homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad
prophase 1
33
- homologous chromosome lines up together in pair
metaphase 1
34
- spindle fibers attach to centromeres of each pair
- homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of cell
anaphase 1
35
- spindle fiber breaks down
- chromosomes uncoil
- cytoplasm divides
- another cell division is needed because number of chromosome hasn't been reduced
telophase 1
36
- just like mitosis, but remember the chromosomes didn't duplicate in interphase 2
meiosis 2
37
1. chromosomes line up
2. spindle fibers begin to form
prophase 2
38
chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
metaphase 2
39
1. centromeres split
2. sister chromatids separate and move to cell's opposite side
anaphase 2
40
1. nuclei reform
2. spindle fibers disappear
3. cytoplasm divides to two
4. # chromosomes in each daughter cell have been reduced by half
telophase 2
41
has 2 types:
- passive transport
- active transport
cellular transport
41
amount of solute
concentration
42
mixture of 2+ substances
solution
43
dissolved substance
solute
44
diffusion of water
osmosis
45
bacteria and plants - turgor pressure
protists - contractive vacuole
salty water fish - specialized gills
rbc - kidneys
osmotic pressure
46
- movement of larger molecules e.g, glucose, ions, protein channels - transported through: ?
facilitated diffusion
47
high concentration of solute
hypertonic solution
48
low solute concentration
hypotonic solute
49
low > high
balance
high > low
hypo (swell = bursts = cytolysis)
iso (dynamic equilibrium)
hyper (shrink = plasmolysis)
50
low to high concentration movement
active transport
51
proteins that work as pumps e.g, exhalation
active transport
52
types of active transport:
- movement of large materials inside cell
- food moved in
- types: specific/nonspecific
forms: phagocytosis(cell-eating)/pinocytosis(cell-drinking)
endocytosis
53
types of active transport:
- movement of material outside the cell
- reverse of endocytosis
- vesicle moves to cell surface
- membrane of vesicle fuses
exocytosis
54
- chemical reaction occurring continuously in living things
- photosynthesis/food breakdown
- ends w/ase
- belongs to proteins
functions:
- catalysts (lower activation energy of reaction taking less energy for reaction to take place
enzymes
55
factors affecting enzyme
- temperature
- pH (7-normal, 2-acid, 8-base)
- hormones
- inhibitor
