LESSON 3 Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
- What is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm that sets forth the meaning of phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument?
A
Philosophy
2
Q
- One characteristic of theory must be:
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Logical in nature
3
Q
- Conceptual frameworks are commonly represented through:
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Diagram
4
Q
Components of Nursing paradigm
A
Person
Health
Environment
Nursing
5
Q
It is defined as sets of empirical data or experiences that can be observed or touched
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Phenomena
6
Q
nursing is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm; it specifies the definition of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing
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Philosophy
7
Q
representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on their own understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory
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Conceptual models or frameworks
8
Q
highly established set of concepts that are testable
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Theoretical models or frameworks
9
Q
least abstract level of theoretical knowledge because they include details specific to nursing practice
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Middle-range theories
10
Q
are theories because they do propose something that is true or testable such as Roy’s theory of the person as an adaptive system derived from the Roy Adaptation Model
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Grand Theories
11
Q
are the subject matter of a discipline; sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible
Example: crying or grimacing when in pain
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Phenomena
12
Q
Nursing Phenomena can be:
(DCCIP)
A
- Disease process
- Clinical or environmental setting of nursing
- Client’s behavior
- Interventions
- Practices
13
Q
All natural events that the human senses can perceive can be called
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Phenomenon
14
Q
Theory is T-H-E-O-R-Y
A
- True possibly-not known or proven to be true
- Hypothetical sets of facts, principles or circumstances
- Explains facts, events or phenomena
- Organized set of related statements
- Rooted from the Greek word “theoria”- “looking at, viewing, beholding”
- Yes! it is followed as a basis of action
15
Q
- an organized set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way
- also a group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice
A
Theory
16
Q
Theory is composed of:
A
CPAD
Concepts
Propositions
Assumptions
Definitions
17
Q
a mental idea of a phenomenon; the building blocks of theories; can come from an empirical phenomena or any abstraction of how a person perceived an object that is not physically present or observed
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Concept
18
Q
2 types of concepts
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Abstract, Concrete
19
Q
are indirectly observed or intangible; it is independent of time and place
Examples: love, care, freedom
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Abstract
20
Q
is directly observed or tangible
Examples: nurse, mother, pain
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Concrete
21
Q
are the meaning of a word based on how a certain theory or relevant literature perceives it to be
Examples: roles/concepts of nurse, patient care, and environment
A
Conceptual definitions
22
Q
are meaning of a word based on the method of how it was measured or how the person come up with that perception
Example: significance of pain perception and practiced nursing intervention.
A
Operational definitions
23
Q
a statement of relationship between concepts
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Proposition
24
Q
statement that specifies the relationship of factual concepts/phenomena
A
Assumption
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composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts
Definition
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a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena
Chin and Kramer (1991)
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is an organized, coherent set of concepts and their relationship to each other that offers descriptions, explanations and predictions about phenomena
Parker (2001)
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a set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions that project a systematic view of phenomena
Potter (2004)
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a reasoned proposed explanation of an occurrence, or of something that will occur or be produced, for which absolute proof is lacking
Blackwell (2005)
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a set of concepts and propositions that provide an early way to view phenomena
Delaune and Ladner (2006)
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an abstract statement formulated to predict, explain or describe the relationships among concepts, constructs or events. It is tested by observation and research using factual data
Mosby (2006)
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is a supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon
Kozier (2008)
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Characteristics of Theories
- Can correlate concepts/generate a different way of looking at a certain fact or phenomenon
- Logical in nature
- Simple but generally broad in nature
- Can be the source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated
- Contribute in enriching the general body of knowledge
- Can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice
- Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will open unanswered issues that need to be tested
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What are the different types of Theories according to Function?
1. Descriptive Theories also known as Factor- Isolating Theories
2. Explanatory Theories or Factor-Relating Theories
3. Predictive Theories otherwise known as Situation-Relating Theories
4. Prescriptive Theories also called Situation-Producing Theories
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* To know the properties and workings of a discipline.
* The primary level of theory development.
* Identify and describe major concepts of phenomena.
Descriptive Theories/Factor- Isolating Theories
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Main purpose: to present a phenomenon based on the five senses together with their corresponding meaning.
Descriptive Theories/Factor- Isolating Theories
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* To examine how properties relate and thus affect the discipline.
* Present relationship among concepts and propositions.
Explanatory Theories or Factor-Relating Theories
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* Aim to provide information on how or why concepts are related.
Example : A research study on factors affecting newborns failure to thrive.
Explanatory Theories or Factor-Relating Theories
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* To calculate relationships between properties and how they occur
* Describe future outcomes consistently.
* Generated and tested using experimental research.
Example: A theoretical model based on the observation of unsanitary environmental condition on the recovery of the post-operative patients
Predictive Theories otherwise known as Situation-Relating Theories
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* To identify under which conditions relationships occurs.
* Test the validity and certainty of specific nursing interventions.
* Commonly used in testing new nursing interventions.
Example: Laurente’s theory validates and explains the different nursing management in the emergency room in relieving anxiety among clients.
Prescriptive Theories also called Situation-Producing Theories
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a group of related concepts that are derive from the nursing models
Nursing theory
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Nursing Theory as an articulated and communicated conceptualization of invented or discovered reality in or pertaining to nursing for the purpose of DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING, PREDICTING, or PRESCRIBING nursing care. This definition states the importance of expressing nursing theory in providing direction to nursing care
Meleis 1991
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Barnum (1994) stated that a complete nursing theory is one that has
Context
Content
Process
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resembles environment to which nursing act takes place
context
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subject of the theory
content
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method by which the nurse acts in using nursing theory
process
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* Are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among existing theoretical frameworks in nursing.
nursing paradigms
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the recipient of nursing care like individuals, families and communities
person
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the holistic level of wellness that the person experiences
health
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All internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person.
environment
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the interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in cooperation with the client
nursing
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* Refers to any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study.
* Refers to system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method.
* An organized body of knowledge gained through research.
science
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* From the Latin word scientia, meaning
“knowledge”
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performing the processes of observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena. It is best thought of as an activity that combines research (the advancement of knowledge) and theory (the explanation of knowledge).
science
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the advancement of knowledge
research
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the explanation of knowledge
theory
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scientific methods:
observation
gathering of data/information
forming hypothesis
experimental investigation
conclusion or theoretical explanation
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Integration of knowledge and/or phenomenon by a rational/sentient being.
observation
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Recognition and collecting data for a particular scientific problem or inquiry.
gathering of data/information
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An attempt to explain or suggest a nature of a phenomenon.
forming hypothesis
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A set of examinations done to solve the particular query raised through the hypothesis process.
experimental investigation
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A statement explaining a set of natural phenomena or a scientific query derived from experimental investigation.
conclusion/theoretical explanation
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suggests an understanding acquired through learning or investigation of what is known about a discipline’s subject matter
__________ may be based on fact or it may be theoretical based knowledge that is more tentative and subject to change as theory is tested and developed.
knowledge
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is composed of both theoretical and practical knowledge (Meleis, 1997).
nursing knowledge
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stimulates thinking and broadens understanding of the science and practice of the Nursing discipline.
theoretical knowledge
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is referred to as the art of nursing.
* Knowledge acquirement involves several cognitive processes
practical knowledge
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types of cognitive process
perception
association
learning
reasoning
communication
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Transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication
communication
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Mental process of seeking conclusions through reason
reasoning
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Acquiring experience, skills, information and values
learning
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Combining two or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept or for comparison
association
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Achieving understanding of sensory data
perception
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Knowledge emerges from a range of sources which can be categorized into three namely
traditional, authoritative, and scientific sources
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a nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation. When asked about the basis of nursing practice the answer would be as simple as “It’s always been practiced this way.”
traditional knowledge
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an idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his/her expertise.
authoritative knowledge
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a type of knowledge which came from a scientific method through research. These new ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria
scientific knowledge
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is the application of systematic, scientific methods to study phenomena and generate knowledge. Research may generate theory when executed with an inductive approach or it may test theory when conducted with a deductive approach.
research
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is a form of reasoning that is loosely described as moving from the specific to the general. In inductive research, particular events are observed and interpreted as a basis for formulating general theoretical statements such as phenomenology or grounded theory.
induction reasoning
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is a form of logical reasoning that is loosely described as progressing from the general to the specific. Two or more relational statements are used to draw a conclusion .From the theoretical relationships, specific empirical hypotheses are derived.
deduction reasoning
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combines induction and deduction to originate ideas. This form of reasoning uses analogy as a method of devising theory
retroduction
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is a testable relationship statement.
hypothesis
