lesson 3 Flashcards by Maximo Sato

two main groups of the digestive system

those forming the alimentary canal; accessory digestive organs

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performs the whole menu of digestive functions as it propels the foodstuffs along its tract.

Alimentary canal

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functions of the alimentary canal

ingests
digests
absorbs
defecates

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where does the blood group antigens of the alimentary canal found?

found on the membrane of the red blood cell of individuals

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assist the process of digestive breakdown in various ways.

Accessory Digestive Organs

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Organs included in the Accessory Digestive Organs

teeth
tongue
several large digestive glands

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Explanation of the human digestive system

First, the mouth or the oral cavity contains the tongue. Inside, we have the salivary glands, namely the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular gland. Then, the pharynx. Going down, it’s the esophagus. Going down again, it’s the stomach. Beside the stomach [area] you can see the liver, gallbladder, spleen at the back and pancreas. After the stomach it goes down to the small intestine, comprising of the duodenum, jejunum, & ileum. Followed by the large intestine comprising the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon, rectum appendix, anal canal, and anus.

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Also known as Gastrointestinal Tract or Gut

Alimentary Canal

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A continuous, coiled hollow muscular tube that winds throughout the ventral body cavity from stomach to anus.

Alimentary Canal

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Organs of the alimentary canal

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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leads to the terminal opening or anus

Large intestine

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In a cadaver, the alimentary canal is approximately ________ or about _________.

9 meters or 30 ft long

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In a living person, however, it is considered to be ________ because of its muscle tone.

shorter

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Food material within this tube is technically _______ the body, because it has contact only with cells lining the tract and the tube is open to the __________ at both ends.

outside; external environment

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The relationship becomes ______ if you think of the alimentary canal as an________.

clear; elongated donut

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it is the first organ

mouth

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it is where the food enters through the digestive tract and has and has a mucous membrane lined cavity

mouth

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protects the anterior opening

lips/labia

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form its lateral walls

cheeks

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forms the anterior roof

hard palate

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forms the posterior roof

soft palate

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fleshy finger-like projection of the soft palate and Extends inferiorly from the posterior edge of the soft palate

uvula

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Space between the lips and cheeks externally at the teeth and gums internally

vestibule

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the area contained by the teeth

oral cavity proper

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occupies the floor of the mouth.

muscular tongue

has several bony attachments

tongue

what are the two several bone attachments of the tongue

Hyoid bone Styloid processes of the skull

Fold of mucous membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements.

Lingual frenulum

From the mouth, the food passes posteriorly into the ___________________________

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air.

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

part of the respiratory passageway

Nasopharynx

posterior to the oral cavity

Oropharynx

continuous with the esophagus below

Laryngopharynx

The walls of the pharynx contain two skeletal muscle layers

The cells of the inner layer run longitudinally; Those of the outer layer (the constrictor muscles) run around the wall in a circular fashion.

Also known as gullet

esophagus

It runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach and is essentially a passageway that conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach.

esophagus

measurement of the esophagus

Approximately about 25cm or 10 inches long

It is the innermost layer; moist membrane that lines the cavity or lumen of the organ; consists primarily of a surface epithelium, plus a small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) and a scanty muscle layer.

Mucosa

beneath the mucosa

Submucosa

The submucosa is a soft connective tissue layer containing?

blood vessels nerve endings mucosassociated lymphoid vessels

muscle layer typically made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

Muscularis Externa

outermost layer of the wall and it consists of a single layer of flat, serous fluid-producing cells, the visceral peritoneum.

Serosa

is continuous with the sleek, slippery parietal peritoneum, which lies the abdomino-pelvic cavity by way of a membrane extension—the mesentery.

Visceral peritoneum

A C-shaped, located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and diaphragm.

Stomach

Varies from __________ in length, but its diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains.

15-25cm (6-10 inches)

When it is full, it can hold about _________ of food

4 liters (1 gallon)

___________, it collapses inward on itself and its mucosa is thrown into large folds called _______.

When it is empty; rugae

also known as cardia; named for its position because it is near from the heart; surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter, through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

cardial region

expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardial region

Fundus

midportion; as it narrows inferiorly, it becomes the pyloric antrum

body

funnel-shaped; terminal part of the stomach; continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter or valve

pylorus

Act as a temporary “storage tank” for food, as well as a site for food breakdown, besides the usual longitudinal circular muscle layer.

stomach

After the food has been processed in the stomach, it resembles heavy cream is called ________.

chyme

enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphinter.

chyme

simple columnar epithelium, composed entirely of mucous cells that produce a protective layer of bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus that clings to the stomach mucosa and protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digested by enzymes.

mucosa of the stomach

The otherwise smooth lining is dotted with millions of deep gastric pits, which lead into the gastric glands that secrete the solution called _________.

gastric juice

some ________ produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

stomach cells

produce protein digesting enzymes mostly

chief cells

produce a corrosive hydrochloric acid, which make the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes, as in the conversion of pepsinogen pepsin by hydrochloric acid.

parietal cells

is quite different from those secreted by the mucous cells in the mucosa

mucus neck cells

produce local hormones such as gastrin, which are important in the digestive activities; entero, meaning gut.

enteroendocrine cells

Most digestive activity occurs in which region of the stomach?

in the pyloric region

The _____________ of the stomach is the greater curvature

convex lateral surface

Its ___________ is the lesser curvature.

concave medial surface

The _________ is a double layer peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature

lesser omentum

The ____________, another extension of the peritoneum, drips downward and covers the abdominal organs like before attaching to the posterior body wall.

greater omentum

is riddle-wig fat, which helps insulate cushion and protect the abdominal organs. It has also a large collection of the lymphoid follicles containing macrophages in defensive cells in the immune system—this is for the protection of the gastrointestinal system.

Greater omentum

The body's major digestive organ

small intestine

within its passageways, usable food is finely prepared to its journey to the cells of the body.

small intestine

It is the longest section of the alimentary tube, with an average length of ________, wrapped around a living person.

2 to 4m

encircles and frames small intestine in the abdominal cavity.

Large intestine

contribute 5% of the length of the small intestine; meaning from the Latin word ‘12 finger-widths long’

duodenum

contribute 40% of the length of the small intestine; from the Latin word ‘MT’

jejunum

contribute 60% of the length of the small intestine; meaning, twisted intestine

Ileum

meets the large intestine at the _________, which joins the large and small intestines

ileocecal valve

Chemical digestion of foods begins in earnest in the __________

small intestine

controls food movement into the small intestine from the stomach and prevents the small intestine from being overwhelmed.

pyloric sphincter

the shortest subdivision of the small intestine.

C-shaped duodenum

formed by the liver, also enters the duodenum or the bile duct in the same area.

bile

join at the duodenum to form the flask-like hepatopancreatic ampulla

main pancreatic and bile ducts

the bile and pancreatic juice travel to the ___________ and enter the duodenum together.

duodenal papilla

Nearly all food absorption occurs in the ______________.

small intestine

tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance, sometimes referred to as the brush border.

microvilli

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance and feel, much like the soft nap of a towel.

villi

Within each villus is a rich capillary bed and a modified lymphatic capillary called?

lacteal

also called plicae circulares

circular folds

deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers

circular folds

all these structural modifications, which increase the surface area, __________ in number toward the end of the small intestine.

decrease

local collections of lymphatic tissue (called Peyer's patches) found in the submucosa, ________ in number toward the end of the small intestine.

increase

Much larger in diameter than the small intestine (thus, named the large intestine), but shorter in length

Large intestine

About ____________, it extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus.

15 m (5 feet) long

It goes around on the small intestine; From the right goes up, transverses, and goes down the sigmoid.

Large intestine

Major functions of the large intestine

to dry out the indigestible food residue by absorbing water; to eliminate these residues from the body as feces.

most of the large intestine, one on the bottom-right; sac-like; first part of the large intestine

Cecum

extension; worm-like vermiform; hanging from a cecum

Appendix

inflammation of pancreas

Appendicitis

a common spot (you might be heard of the appendix site or appendicitis) because it is usually twisted since it is an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.

Appendix

what goes around

colon

travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn

Ascending colon

Right colic (or hepatic) flexure, to travel across the abdominal cavity as?

transverse colon

It then turns again at the left colic (or splenic) flexure and continues down the left side as the _________, to enter the pelvis, where it becomes the __________ colon.

descending colon S-shaped sigmoid

The sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal lie in?

the pelvis