Lesson 3 Flashcards by Joanne Mardelle Semorlan

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

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A mediated transport process by which transport proteins mediate or assist the movement of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charge molecules.

Facilitated Transport

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“within the cell” -ingest substances

Endocytosis

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“out of cell” - eject substances

Exocytosis

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What are the three phases of interphase?

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In this phase, Centrioles move to the opposite side; it also shortens and nagkakaroon ng condensation ang ating chromosomes

Prophase

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Name the six disorders of cell structures

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Neoplasia
Hypoxia

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decrease in size/no growth in size

Atrophy

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Increase in cellular size

Hypertrophy

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increase in number of cells

Hyperplasia

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ability to change into another type of cell

Metaplasia

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changes in cell structure

Neoplasia

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decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structure

Hypoxia

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what occurs in the Cytokinesis of animals

a cleavage furrow appears in the plasma membrane

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what occurs in the Cytokinesis of plants

new cell wall formation is triggered at the center of the cell by the formation of the cell plate.

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Is the process of separation of the nuclear chromosome into two identical daughter nuclei.

Mitosis

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What are the four key phases of Mitosis?

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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in this phase, chromosome are aligned at the or near the center

Metaphase

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in this phase, chromatids splits wherein they are being pulled out in opposite directions

Anaphase

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in this phase, chromosomes have arrived at opposite poles and nuclear envelope reforms

Telophase

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in this phase of interphase, cell metabolism occurs;cell prepares for replication

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this phase of interphase is responsible the synthesis or replication of DNA

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in this interphase phase, duplication occurs

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Name the three types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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cell eating

Phagocytosis

cell drinking

Pinocytosis

Receptor attach/accepts the specific molecules so that it could be bought inside the cell

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Also known as cotransport which refers to the movement of two different ion/molecules in the same direction across plasma membrane

Symport

also known as the countertransport which refers to the movement of two different ions/molecules in opposite

Antiport

the ability of you solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing water volume

Tonicity

equal concentration solutes

Isotonic

Higher concentration of solutes

Hypertonic ex. IV Fluid

Lower concentration of solutes

Hypotonic ex. NSS (Normal Saline Solution)

⬆Concentration of Solute and ⬆ Osmotic Pressure

Hyperosmotic

⬇Concentration of Solute and ⬇Osmotic Pressure

Hyposmotic

Same concentration of solute and Osmotic Pressure

Isosmotic

Movement of solutes from a high concentration to lower concentration

Diffusion

Solvent gumagalaw; from low concentration of water to high concentration of water.

Osmosis

the resistance of water to pass through concentrated solution

osmotic pressure

generally compose one or more substance that we called solutes

solution

are dissolved in predominant liquid or gas

solutes

liquid or gas

solvent

the universal solvent

water

Cell does NOT expend metabolic energy (ATP)

Passive Transport

Energy (ATP) is needed. Move molecules against concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration

Active Transport

State the examples of Passive Transport

Diffusion (solute) Osmosis (water) Facilitated Diffusion (solute)

it is the fluid outside the cell which is rich, nutritious “soup” - amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, wastes

Interstitial Fluid

this determines the entrance and exit of some substances

Selectively permeable

Name the Three (3) Transport proteins

Channel Carrier ATP power pumps)

this channel is always open especially if the plasma membrane is at rest

Leak Ion

Types of channels

Leak Ion Gated Ion

this channel opens and closes upon the entrance of a specific ion or molecule

Gated Ion

Name the two (2) Attachment proteins

Cadherins & Integrins

Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Enzymes (Catalyst)

attachment of molecule or cell to cell

Cadherins

attachment of cell to extracellular material

Integrins

Protein molecules are classified into two, name them.

Peripheral Integral

proteins on the surface of plasma membrane

Peripheral

proteins that is deeply integrated with plasma membrane

integral

Why are the heads of the phospholipids on the outside of the membrane?

The head "loves" water (hydrophilic) and the tails "hate" water (hydrophobic).

the currently accepted model for the structure of the plasma membrane

Fluid mosaic model

responsible for cell regulation or self recognition; responsible for the attachment or bind to other cells.

Glycoproteins

the collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

Glycocalyx

responsible for the stability and cell to cell communication (Bilayer)

Glycolipids

Act as a membrane channel; regulates ions

Protein

forms lipid barrier that would separate the substances inside and outside of the cell.

Phospholipid

gives the strength and flexibility

Cholesterol

substance inside the cell

INTRACELLULAR

substance outside the cells

EXTRACELLULAR

PISO

Potassium In, Sodium Out

It is the outermost component of cells that is made out of phospholipid molecules

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Increases surface area of certain cells for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptor

MICROVILLI

Significance with the structure and stability of the cell that why its support cytoplasm

MICROTUBULE

used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell

Cilia

used to move an entire cell; responsible for the movement of the cell Ex. Sperm

Flagella

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

CENTRIOLES

Powerhouse of the cell Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

MITOCHONDRION/Mitochondria

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

LYSOSOMES

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

SECRETORY VESICLES

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

GOLGI APPARATUS

Site for protein

RIBOSOMES

Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification Storage of calcium

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Contains genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

NUCLEUS

Defined as the smallest, basic unit of lids that is responsible for all of life’s processes

CELL

who discover the cell in 1665

Robert Hooke

what are the two types of cell based on cellular structure

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell division: binary fission No organelle Large cells

Prokaryotes

Cell division: mitosis Presence of organelle Small cells

Eukaryotes

No nucleus; it has a nucleoid (the region where your genetic material is freely suspended) Single-celled microorganism (ex. Archaebacteria and cyanobacteria) Cell size: 0.1 to 0.5 um (in diameter) DNA or RNA Generally reproduce via binary fission

Prokaryotic Cell

True nucleus Multicellular organism Size: 10-100 um (in diameter) Plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals Plasma membrane can be seen Mitosis

Eukaryotic cell