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Organisms 1 > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the plant’s DNA stored?

A

Nucleus
Plastid
Mitochondria

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2
Q

What are the organelles of the plant cell that are shared with animal cells?

A

Nucleus and nucleolus
Migochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles (different size though)

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3
Q

What are the features shared by plant and animal cells that are not organelles?

A

Cytosol/cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Actin filaments

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4
Q

What are the three primary features that distinguish plant cells from animals?

A

Plastids
Vacuole
Cell wall

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5
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Metabolic action

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6
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A membrane that goes from the nucleus throughout the cell. It is made of proteins

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7
Q

What are the golgi apparatus?

A

Flat sacs where vesicles transport proteins

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8
Q

What does the peroxisome do?

A

Break things down

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9
Q

What is the cytosol made of?

A

Protein water and other stuff

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10
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Keep stuff together and transport

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11
Q

Where did the plastids come from?

A

Endosymbiosis aka a cyanobacterium

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12
Q

What are the two requirements in the plastids for us to say that they have their own genome?

A

DNA encoding RNA which translates into proteins
Proteins that function in the plastids

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13
Q

What is semi-autonomous?

A

Synthesize some but not all proteins needed to function

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14
Q

Where is the rest of the proteins in the plastids encoded from?

A

The nuclear genome

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15
Q

What is nuclear encoded inheritance?

A

Replication is mostly done in the nucleus

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16
Q

What are four characteristics of the plastids in plants?

A

Own genome
Semi-autonomous
Cytoplasmic inheritance (maternal inheritance)
Two-layer membrane

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17
Q

What are the three common types of plastids?

A

Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast

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18
Q

What are the sites of photosynthesis in chloroplast?

A

Pigments
Carotenoid
Thylakoid
Stroma

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19
Q

What are the pigments present chloroplast?

A

Chlorophyll a and b
Carotenoid

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20
Q

What is the thylakoid?

A

Membrane bound compartment of flattened sacs inside the chloroplast.
Pigments are embedded in membrane

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21
Q

What is the stroma?

A

An internal matrix with proteins and fluids

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22
Q

What is the Grana?

A

Stack of thylakoid membranes
Interconnected by stroma thylakoid
Site of the light reactions in photosynthesis

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23
Q

True or false? The carotenoids in chloroplast are often masked by chlorophyll.

A

True

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24
Q

What are the ways chloroplasts move?

A

Actin
Myosin
Cytoplasmic streaming

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25
What are actins?
Filaments that connect organelles
26
What is myosin?
Molecules that pull the chloroplast along actin filaments
27
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
Induced changes in temperature, light and pH.
28
What are the characteristics of chromoplasts?
Pigmented plastids No chlorophyll Carotenoid
29
What do chromoplast do (advantages and disadvantages)?
Shield against UV Attract pollinators and seed dispersal Protect against biotic attacts Several are important vitamins for humans
30
True or false? Red attracts pollinators quite a lot.
True
31
What are the characteristics of leucoplasts and what do they do?
Least differentiated plastid No pigment or internal membrane Storage (starch)
32
What are etioplasts?
Chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light
33
What is plastid biogenesis?
The fact that plastids are derived from proplastids.
34
True or false? Plastid differentiation is permanent.
False (interconversion between different classes of plastids is common)
35
What is photoperiod?
The degradation of chlorophyll, turning the chloroplast into chromoplast. There will be much more energy going into the chromoplast.
36
What is lycopene and its importance?
Carotenoid pigment nutritionally important
37
Physically, how does a chlorophyll change into a chromoplast?
Change in membrane organization
38
True or false? Some plants and algae have lost their ability to photosynthesize.
True
39
True or false? Once plants lose their function to photosynthesize, nothing changes much except for that.
False. (Loss of genome may follow)
40
What are two plant or algae that have lost their ability to photosynthesize and explain a little bit what they are.
Rafflesia (heterotroph parasitic flower) Polytomella (single-celled freshwater green algae, heterotroph)
41
What is the structure of the plant vacuole?
Single membrane (tonoplast) Filled with cell sap Largest component plant cell
42
What are the functions of the vacuole?
Rigidity Storage Break down complex molecule
43
What types of things does the vacuole store?
Ion and sugar Water Pigments Toxin
44
True or false? Vacuole synthesize their compounds.
False
45
How does the vacuole acquire its compounds?
From cytoplasm and other organelles which are transported across the tonoplast
46
What are the 4 modes of transport in the vacuole?
Diffusion (channels and membrane) Transporters (driven by ATP directly or not) Pumps Vesicle-mediated
47
What creates osmotic pressure in the vacuole?
The ions and sugars (in high concentration across the tonoplast)
48
What creates turgor pressure in the vacuole?
The water molecules
49
True or false? Turgor pressure is a result of osmotic pressure
True
50
How does the turgor pressure in the vacuole work?
There is a permeable membrane. The sugars and ions are impermeable so they stay inside. The vacuole pushes against the cell
51
What is a hypertonic cell and the name of it in the context of a plant cell?
Movement of water outside the cell Plasmolysed
52
What is a isotonic cell and the name of it in the context of a plant cell?
No net movement of water Flaccid
53
What is a hypotonic cell and the name of it in the context of a plant cell?
Movement of water inside the cell Turgid
54
What are toxins in plants for?
Defence mechanisms
55
What does the vacuole storage of toxins in plant allow?
Compartmentalization Quick release upon damage
56
How does nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco plant work?
Toxin exported to leaf (against the flow) Stored in leaf vacuoles High concentration deters herbivory
57
In the calibrachoa flower, what are some of the pigments stored in the vacuoles and in where on the plant are they located (do not say ‘the cell’ you dumbass)?
Pink anthocyanin (petal epidermis) Carotenoid (orange in chromoplast) Saffron anthers
58
In the Japanese morning glory, what are the petal colours due to?
Anthocyanin Flavonoid Metal ion
59
When does the color in the Japanese morning glory change?
From buds to flowers
60
Why does the colour change in the Japanese morning glory?
Due to vacuolar pH
61
Why do some Japanese morning glory sometimes not change colours when they become flowers?
There is a mutation in the Na+/H+ pump which makes it unable to change the vacuolar pH (stays neutral)
62
What is autophagy?
Eating itself
63
What are bulbs and what are they mostly made of?
Short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf base Function as food storage oragns during dormancy Vegetative reproduction depends on this process Made largely of vacuoles
64
True or false? High pH helps the vacuole in break-down.
False (low pH)
65
In terms of breaking down molecules, what does the vacuole do and what does it resemble?
Disposal and recycling of worn out organelles Catalytic process Similar to lycosomes

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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