Lesson 3: Basic Chemistry and Organ Systems

Question 1

_________% of the elements on the periodic table of elements are essential for life.

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

What do we call anything that takes up space?

Answer 2

Matter

Question 3

What do we call the smallest unit of matter?

Answer 3

Atom

Question 4

How many elements does the planet earth have?

Answer 4

92 elements

Question 5

What do we call atoms that come together to form chemical bonds in an ordered and stabled arrangement?

Answer 5

Molecule

Question 6

What do we call a molecule that has two or more different elements?

Answer 6

Compound

Question 7

What is the Chemistry Golden Rule #1?

Answer 7

An atom’s quest is to have fully occupied valence shells.

Question 8

What do we call the sharing of electrons?

Answer 8

Covalent Bond

Question 9

What do we call the transfer of electrons?

Answer 9

Ionic Bond

Question 10

Which bond is stronger: Ionic or Covalent?

Answer 10

Covalent

Question 11

What do we call a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds?

Answer 11

Solution

Question 12

What is the name of the solution that has:
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)
Less than 1% leukocytes (platelets & white blood cells)
45% erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 12

Centrifuged blood

Question 13

Which is the tiniest of blood vessels?

Answer 13

The blood capillary

Question 14

What is electronegativity?

Answer 14

An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a chemical bond

Question 15

What is Chemistry Golden Rule #2?

Answer 15

The oxygen atom is very electronegative. In an oxygen-hydrogen bond, the shared electrons spend more time orbiting the oxygen atom.

Question 16

What do we call molecules with partial charges created by electronegative atoms?

Answer 16

Polar molecules

Question 17

Is glucose a polar molecule? Can it dissolve in water?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Are proteins a polar molecule? Can they dissolve in water?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Are fats a polar molecule? Can they dissolve in water?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

Does starch dissolve in water? Why or why not?

Answer 20

No it doesn’t. The reason is because plants pack starch into tight dense granules. To help the starch dissolve, you have to gently unravel the dense granules

Question 21

What do we call the temperature where starch becomes an amorphous network of starch and water intermingled ?

Answer 21

Gelation temperature

Question 22

What are enzymes? Can they easily change shape?

Answer 22

Proteins that have a specific 3D structure that allow only certain compounds to bond. Since 3D shape is result of hydrogen bonds, we can easily change any enzyme’s shape.

Question 23

What is crucial to activating enzymes to facilitate digestion?

Answer 23

pH

Question 24

What is the pH of the saliva in the mouth?

Answer 24

6.4

Question 25

What is the pH of the stomach?

Answer 25

1.0

Question 26

What is the pH of the small intestine?

Answer 26

8.0

Question 27

What is pH?

Answer 27

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 28

What happens to milk once a squeeze of lemon juice is added? Has the milk gone bad?

Answer 28

The milk instantly curdles. The increase in hydrogen ions causes the neatly packed bundles of casein proteins to fall apart. The individual casein proteins then become curdles that you can scoop up with a spoon. The milk hasn't gone bad, it has just changed shape.

Question 29

What do we call the body’s ingenious way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption?

Answer 29

Digestion

Question 30

What do we call the set of organs that work cooperatively to digest food and deliver nutrients to your cells?

Answer 30

Digestive System

Question 31

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 31

Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

Question 32

What do we call the flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum to the anus?

Answer 32

The Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)

Question 33

What is the lumen?

Answer 33

The inner space within GI tract that is continuous from one end to another.

Question 34

Where does the process of digestion begin?

Answer 34

In the mouth

Question 35

What are the four basic taste sensations that the tastebuds detect when stimulated?

Answer 35

Sweet Sour Bitter Salty

Question 36

What do we call the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus?

Answer 36

Pharynx

Question 37

What do we call a mouthful of food after it has been chewed and swallowed?

Answer 37

Bolus

Question 38

What is the cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows (protects airways)?

Answer 38

Epiglottis

Question 39

What is the "food pipe" which has a sphincter muscle at each end, one of which is called the cardiac sphincter, due to it's proximity to the heart?

Answer 39

Esophagus

Question 40

Which organ churns, grinds and mixes food with acid and enzymes to form chyme?

Answer 40

Stomach

Question 41

After grinding food to chyme, where does the stomach release chyme? Through which sphincter muscle?

Answer 41

Releases it into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.

Question 42

What is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients?

Answer 42

Small Intestine

Question 43

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

Answer 43

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 44

Which organ reabsorbs water and minerals and passes waste along with water to the rectum?

Answer 44

Large Intestine

Question 45

What is the muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus?

Answer 45

Rectum

Question 46

What is the terminal outlet of the GI tract?

Answer 46

Anus

Question 47

What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 47

Salivary Glands Gall Bladder Pancreas Liver

Question 48

What are the substances released from the digestive tract that facilitate digestion?

Answer 48

Enzymes for digestion Hormones for communication Mucus to ease passage and protection from irritating substances

Question 49

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

Answer 49

Digestion Absorption Elimination

Question 50

What do we call the circular folds along the lumen that have these tiny finger-like projections?

Answer 50

Villi

Question 51

What do microvilli do?

Answer 51

Works to maximize the surface area so nutrients can be maximally and quickly absorbed

Question 52

What is peristalsis?

Answer 52

Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that propel its contents along

Question 53

What are the 3 sets of muscles that the stomach has?

Answer 53

Circular Longitudinal Diagonal

Question 54

What do we call the contraction of circular muscles in the muscles of the intestines?

Answer 54

Segmentation

Question 55

The breakdown of food into nutrients requires secretions from five different organs. What are they?

Answer 55

``` Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas Liver Small Intestine ```

Question 56

What do we call a protein that facilitates a chemical reaction—making a molecule, breaking a molecule apart, changing the arrangement of a molecule, or exchanging parts of molecules?

Answer 56

Enzyme

Question 57

What do we call a chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules with a hydrogen atom (H) added to one and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the other (from water, H2O) - basically the addition of water to break a molecule into smaller pieces?

Answer 57

Hydrolysis

Question 58

What are proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds?

Answer 58

Digestive Enzymes

Question 59

Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes.

Answer 59

Carbohydrase Lipase Protease

Question 60

What is gastric juice?

Answer 60

A mixture of water, enzymes & hydrochloric acid, which acts primarily in protein digestion

Question 61

What is the pH of gastric juice?

Answer 61

~ 2

Question 62

What does the pancreatic juice contain?

Answer 62

``` Enzymes Sodium Bicarbonate (to neutralize the stomach's acidity) ```

Question 63

Where is pancreatic juice released?

Answer 63

Into the duodenum

Question 64

What is the name of an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed?

Answer 64

Bile

Question 65

Where is bile made?

Answer 65

In the liver

Question 66

Where is bile stored?

Answer 66

In the gallbladder

Question 67

Where is bile released?

Answer 67

In the small intestine

Question 68

Where does most absorption take place?

Answer 68

In small intestine

Question 69

What do we call the transfer of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph vessels?

Answer 69

Absorption

Question 70

Which set of vessels do fat enter?

Answer 70

The lymph vessels

Question 71

Where do the lymph vessels carry lipids?

Answer 71

To the left subclavian vein

Question 72

Where are nutrients absorbed from all over the intestines delivered?

Answer 72

To the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Question 73

What is the closed system of vessels through which blood flows continuously, with heart serving as pump?

Answer 73

Vascular system

Question 74

What route does the blood travel?

Answer 74

Heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart

Question 75

How does blood leave the digestive system?

Answer 75

Through the hepatic portal vein which directs blood to the liver

Question 76

Which blood vessels branch out into millions of tiny blood capillaries?

Answer 76

Arterioles

Question 77

What is the site of nutrient exchange between blood and cells of the body?

Answer 77

Capillaries

Question 78

What is the body's most metabolically active organ?

Answer 78

Liver

Question 79

Does the lymphatic system have a pump?

Answer 79

No

Question 80

Where is much of the lymph collected?

Answer 80

In the thoracic duct behind the heart

Question 81

What do we call the lymphatic vessels of the intestine that take up nutrients and pass them to the lymph circulation ?

Answer 81

Lacteals

Question 82

What do we call the process by which solid waste is removed from the body through the large intestine?

Answer 82

Elimination

Question 83

About how many species of bacteria reside in the large intestine?

Answer 83

~400

Question 84

What do probiotic foods contain?

Answer 84

Live bacteria cultures that thrive in colon

Question 85

What is a prebiotic food rich in?

Answer 85

Typically fiber rich and becomes food for your bacterial denosines

Question 86

What does the prevalence of bacteria in GI tract depend upon?

Answer 86

pH and peristalsis (few organisms can survive low pH & fast peristalsis) Diet Other microorganisms

Question 87

What do we call the bacteria in the intestines?

Answer 87

Flora

Question 88

What do probiotics do?

Answer 88

Change the conditions and native bacterial colonies in the GI tract in ways that benefit health.

Question 89

What are some potential health benefits of probiotics?

Answer 89

Helping to alleviate diarrhea, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers, allergies, lactose intolerance, and infant colic Enhance immune function Protect against colon cancer. 

Question 90

What do prebiotics do?

Answer 90

Encourage the growth and activity of bacteria.

Question 91

Which vitamins are produced by bacteria?

Answer 91

``` Biotin Folate Pantothenic acid Riboflavin Thiamin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin K ```

Question 92

What do we call a food that contains a mixture of probiotics and prebiotic?

Answer 92

A synbiotic