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ZOOL102 > Lesson 3: Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means

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2
Q

What are the three parts of atoms?

A

(1) protons, (2) neutrons, and (3) electrons

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3
Q

What are molecules?

A

formed when two or more atoms are bonded together

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4
Q

What are compounds?

A

molecules consisting of different atoms (two or more) of different chemical elements

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5
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

the living part of the cell composed of organic and inorganic compounds

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6
Q

What are the three types of properties the protoplasm possesses?

A

(1) physical, (2) chemical, and (3) biological properties

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7
Q

What are the physical properties of the protoplasm?

A

(1) a colloidal system and (2) its ability to exist in two interchangeable states.

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8
Q

What are the two states the protoplasm can exist in?

A

(1) fluid-like sol state and (2) solid-like gel state

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9
Q

What are the chemical properties of the protoplasm?

A

(1) being composed of organic and inorganic substances and (2) containing elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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10
Q

What are the biological properties of the protoplasm?

A

its capability of metabolism, irritability, growth, reproduction, and adaptability

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11
Q

What are the four inorganic substances found in the protoplasm?

A

(1) water, (2) oxygen, (3) carbon dioxide, and (4) inorganic salts

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12
Q

What are the four organic substances found in the protoplasm?

A

(1) carbohydrates, (2) lipids, (3) proteins, (4) nucleic acids

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

are sources of energy and are major cellular nutrients

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14
Q

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, etc.)

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15
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose, etc.)

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16
Q

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

A

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

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17
Q

What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

A

(1) monosaccharides, (2) disaccharides, (3) and polysaccharides

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18
Q

What are the three examples of monosaccharides?

A

(1) glucose, (2) galactose, and (3) fructose

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19
Q

What are the three examples of disaccharides?

A

(1) lactose (glucose + galactose), (2) sucrose (glucose + fructose), (3) maltose (glucose + glucose)

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20
Q

What are the three examples of polysaccharides?

A

(1) cellulose, (2) glycogen, and (3) starch

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

a major cellular nutrient; often incorporated into more complex carbohydrates and can be converted into other organic molecules

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22
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

an energy source; used as sweeteners & dietary components

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23
Q
A
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23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

hundreds of linked monosaccharides; serve as storage & structural material

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24
What are polysaccharides also known as?
complex carbohydrates
25
What are lipids?
energy storage and cell structure
26
What are the polymers or lipids?
Fats (Triglycerides, Oils, Waxes)
27
What are the monomers of lipids?
Triglycerides (Glycerol and Fatty Acids)
28
What are the two classifications of lipids?
(1) lipids based on structure and (2) based on function
29
What are the three kinds of lipids based on structure?
(1) triglycerides (or fats), (2) phospholipids, and (3) steroids
30
What are triglycerides for?
energy storage and insulation; serve to cushion vital organs
31
How are triglycerides formed?
when a glycerol molecule (alcohol) reacts with 3 fatty acid molecules through a condensation synthesis reaction
32
What are fats?
mixture of triacylglycerols that is solid because it contains a high proportion of saturated fatty acids
33
What are oils?
mixture of triacylglycerols that is liquid because it contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids
34
What are the four types of fats?
(1) saturated, (2) poly-unsaturated, (3) mono-unsaturated, and (4) trans fats
35
What are the four characteristics of saturated fats?
(1) solid at room temp, (2) contains no double bounds, (3) has the highest melting point, and (4) saturated with hydrogen
36
What are the three characteristics of polyunsaturated fats?
(1) liquid at room temp, (2) contains multiple double bonds of carbon, and (3) has the lowest melting point.
37
What are the three characteristics of monounsaturated fats?
(1) liquid at room temp, (2) contains one double bond of carbon, and (3) has a lower melting point
38
What are the three characteristics of trans fats?
(1) are liquid oils industrially converted into solids, (2) have a high melting point, and are (3) partially hydrogenated.
39
What are phospholipids?
the main component of membranes
40
What are the two primary functions of steroids?
(1) important components of a cell membrane which alter membrane fluidity and (2) are signaling molecules examples of steroids include Vitamin D, Cortisone, and Cholesterol
41
What are the two types of cholesterol?
(1) 'bad’ (Low-Density Lipoprotein or LDL) and (2) ‘good’ (High-Density Lipoprotein or HDL) cholesterol
42
What is the structure of steroids?
is made up of four interconnected carbon rings
43
What are the four kinds of lipids based on function?
(1) fats, (2) oils, (3) phospholipids, (4) and steroids
44
What are proteins?
are energy-yielding nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
45
How do proteins differ from other biomolecules?
the presence of nitrogen
46
What are the polymers or proteins?
proteins or polypeptides
47
What are the monomers or proteins?
amino acids
48
What is the structure of an amino acid?
made up of a central carbon atom bonded to 4 different atoms or group of atoms: (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a Carboxyl Group or COOH, (3) an Amino Group which is a nitrogen atom single bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and (4) a side chain or the R Group.
49
What is the R Group?
The R Group can be any of the 20 structurally diverse chemical groups.
50
What is the purpose of the R Group?
it can distinguish amino acids from one another.
51
How are these amino acids linked?
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
52
What process entails a peptide bond between amino acids?
the dehydration synthesis reaction or the condensation reaction
53
When can a polypeptide be considered a protein?
once it folds into its functional shape
53
Two linked amino acids form _________, three form __________, and long chains of amino acids are ____________.
dipeptides; tripeptides; polypeptides
54
What are the two ways you can classify an amino acid?
(1) essential and (2) non-essential amino acids
55
How many essential amino acids are there?
9 amino acids
56
What is the other term for an essential amino acid?
indispensable amino acids
57
What makes an amino acid essential?
must be ingested since our bodies do not manufacture these molecules
58
What are the nine essential amino acids?
(1) Histidine, (2) Isoleucine, (3) Leucine, (4) Methionine, (5) Phenylalanine, (6) Threonine, (7) Tryptophan, (8) Valine, and (9) Lysine
59
What are the seven conditionally non-essential amino acids?
(1) Arginine, (2) Asparagine, (3) Glutamine, (4) Glycine, (5) Proline, (6) Serine, and (7) Tyrosine
60
What are the four essential amino acids?
(1) Alanine, (2) Aspartate, (3) Cysteine, and (4) Glutamate
61
What are nucleic acids?
store hereditary information; they encode amino acid sequences of proteins and are the building blocks of nucleotides
62
What are nucleic acids also known as?
the units of inheritance
63
What are the polymers or nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
64
What are the monomers or nucleic acids?
Nucleotides (GCAT and GCAU)
65
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
(1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), and (2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
66
What is DNA?
made up of double helix; it stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins. It also directs the rRNA synthesis; contains a deoxyribose
67
The nucleic acids are bonded together by a ________ ____. This bond is called a ____ ____.
hydrogen bonds; base pair
68
What are the three components of Nucleic Acids?
(1) nucleoside, (2) nucleotide, and (3) polynucleotide
69
What is the nucleoside?
a substructure composed of a nucleobase plus sugar and without phosphate
70
What are the four N-containing bases found in DNA?
(1) Guanine (Purine), (2) Cytosine (Pyrimidines), (3) Adenine (Purine), and (4) Thymine (Pyrimidines)
71
What are the four N-containing bases found in DNA?
(1) Guanine (Purine), (2) Cytosine (Pyrimidines), (3) Adenine (Purine), and (4) Uracil (Pyrimidines)
72
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
purines have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single ring structure
73
What is the nucleotide?
a substructure composed of a nucleobase plus sugar and phosphate
74
What are the three parts of a Nucleotide?
(1) a Pentose Sugar (a five-carbon sugar), attached to one of the sugar’s carbon is at least (2) one Phosphate Group) and, to the opposite side of the sugar, a (3) Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine/Urasil)
75
What is a polynucleotide?
a unique sequence of nucleotides
76
What are the two types of polynucleotides?
(1) DNA, and (2) RNA

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