Lesson 3: Compartmentiation And Tissues

Question 1

Define what a Bodily cavity is?

Answer 1

Bodily cavities are fluid filled spaces in the body that protect organs. Furthermore, these cavities are separated by membranes, tissues and other structures.

Question 2

Define Transcription in relation to protein synthesis

Answer 2

Transcription is the process by which a cell makes a copy of RNA from DNA

Question 3

Define “Translation” referring to protein synthesis

Answer 3

Translation is the process by which which a cell makes proteins using genetic information carried in the messenger (mRNA)

Question 4

What Is Lumen

Answer 4

Lumen is the interior of any hollow organ

Question 5

What is the external environment mostly made of?

Answer 5

Extracellular fluid

Question 6

What are the 5 main functions of the cell membrane

Answer 6

1. Physical Isolation
2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
3. Communication between the cell and its environment
4. Structural support
5. Secretion

Question 7

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 7

It is a thin layer of lipids that separate the inside and outside of the cell. Made from double layers of phospholipid and protein molecules

Creates a hydrophobic barrier as well

Question 8

How are phospholipid molecules orientated in reference to the cell membrane? How does it change when placed in aqueous solutions?

Answer 8

The phospholipid heads face the aqueous intracellular and extracellular compartments (Outsides)
While the Lipid tails form the interior layer of the membrane. (Insides)

Phospholipids align with the POLAR heads interacting with water while Phospholipid tails “Hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water due to the non-polar property of the tail

Question 9

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 9

Peripheral proteins are proteins that attach to membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, while not disrupting the membranes integrity
(Signalling molecules)

Question 10

What are integral proteins?

Answer 10

They are tightly bound to the membrane, and help maintain cell structure. Removal of these proteins disrupt the membranes integrity. They also help with transport across the cell membrane
(Structure and transport)

Question 11

What are Inclusions?

Answer 11

Inclusions are non-living substances in the ICF that do not have boundary membranes to enclose them.

Question 12

Define “Ribosomes”

Answer 12

Ribosomes are small granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the direction of the cells DNA

Question 13

State the difference between “Fixed” and “Free” ribosomes

Answer 13

Fixed ribosomes attach to the inside surface of oraganelles
Free ribosomes are suspended free in the cytosol

Question 14

What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?

Answer 14

The cytoskeleton is a flexible changeable scaffolding of microfilaments.
Intermediate filaments and micro tubules also extend throughout the cytoplasm

Question 15

What are motor proteins and how do they function?

Answer 15

Motor proteins are proteins that convert stored energy into directed movement. This is done by using stored ATP to propel themselves along the cytoskeleton fibers

EX: Myosins

Question 16

Define organelles

Answer 16

Organelles are sub-cellular compartments separated from the cytoskeleton by phospholipid membranes.

Question 17

Define Secretory Vesicles

Answer 17

They vesicles that contain proteins that will be released form the cell

Question 18

Do storage vesicles leave the cytoplasm?

Answer 18

No they never leave the cytoplasm

Question 19

What are the four main tissue types?

Answer 19

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Neural

Question 20

What is the Location, Cell arrangement and unique feature of Epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Location: Lines/cavities, covers surfaces
Cell arrangement: It is variable can be small medium or large
Unique feature: No blood supply needed

Question 21

What is the Location, Cell arrangement and unique feature of Neural Tissue?

Answer 21

Location: Everywhere (CNS, PNS)
Cell arrangement: A network (Highly branched together)
Unique feature: Electrical signalling

Question 22

What is the Location, cell arrangement and unique feature of muscular tissue

Answer 22

Muscular tissue can be separated into three locations Cardiac (Heart), Smooth (Organs) and Skeletal (Movement muscles)
Cell arrangement are “Long” linked sheets while the cardiac muscles are branched
Muscular tissues unique feature is that it is “Excitable”, has high blood flow, and can contract to create movement

Question 23

What is the location, cell arrangement and unique features if connective tissue?

Answer 23

Connective tissues are located at anchors, muscles, bone and the epithelial
Their cell arrangement is described as “Irregular Matrix” which can be described as tissues that have non-repeating or irregular structure
Connective tissues unique features is that it needs less blood supply than muscle

Question 24

Define “Histology?

Answer 24

Histology is the study of tissue structure and function

Question 25

What is the purpose of “Epithelial tissue”?

Answer 25

They protect the internal environment of the body, while also regulating the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments (Epithelial typically consist of 1 or more layers of cells connected to one another,with a extracellular matrix between epithelial cells)

Question 26

True or False, do ALL substances that need to enter and leave the internal environment of the body must cross the Epithelium?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is the purpose of “Connective Tissue”?

Answer 27

Connective tissues provide structural support and sometimes a physical barrier that helps defend the body from bacteria and other foreign invaders

Question 28

How do “Bones”, “Cartilage” and “Adipose Tissue” relate to connective tissue?

Answer 28

Bones help give strength and rigidity, cartilage are solid and flexible, and adipose tissue are an energy storage and help with temperature regulation

Question 29

In Blood, what is considered the ECF?

Answer 29

ECF’s in blood are plasma

Question 30

What is another general term Muscle and Neural tissues are called?

Answer 30

They are called “excitable” tissues as they can generate electrical signals and can depolarize

Question 31

Describe the function of Muscle Tissue

Answer 31

Muscle tissue contract and produce force and movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bone and are responsible for the GROSS movement of the body

Question 32

Describe the function of Neural tissue

Answer 32

Neural tissue are made up of Nerve and Glial cells. Nerve cells help carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Glial cells also known as neuroglia are the support cells for the nerve cells

Question 33

What extracellular material is synthesized and secreted by the cells of a tissue?

Answer 33

The extracellular matrix.

Question 34

What is the Extracellular matrix made of?

Answer 34

Proteoglycans, which covalently bind to polysaccharide chains And Insoluble protein fibres: which consist of collagen, fibronectin and laminar (ECM help cells communicate with their external environment)

Question 35

Define “Cell Junctions”

Answer 35

Cell junctions can be defined as membrane proteins and ECM that hold cells together to form tissues. (Cells can form cell-cell adhesions that may be transient and may develop into permanent cell junctions)

Question 36

Define “Cell-Adhesion Molecules”

Answer 36

They are membrane-spanning proteins responsible for both cell junctions and transient cell adhesions (Cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesions are essential for normal growth and development

Question 37

Name the two ways cell deaths occur in the body

Answer 37

Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 38

Define “Necrosis”

Answer 38

Necrosis are when cells die from physical trauma, toxins or lack of oxygen. (May trigger inflammatory response)

Question 39

Define “Apoptosis”

Answer 39

They are the programmed cell deaths, regulated by chemical signals. (Such as when tissue get too old)

Question 40

What is the difference between cell adhesions and permanent cell junctions